The latest study on Chloroquine Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global XXX Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Chloroquine and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
ARTECEF
Fishman Chemical
Uniprix
Chloroquine Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Injectables
Capsules
Tablets
Chloroquine Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Arthrophlogosis
Malaria
Others
Chloroquine Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):-
The Chloroquine Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Chloroquine Report:
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Asia-Pacific
China
India
Japan
South Korea
Australia
Indonesia
Singapore
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Spain
Russia
Central & South America
Brazil
Rest of Central & South America
Middle East & Africa
GCC Countries
Turkey
Egypt
South Africa
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Chloroquine Market:
Chloroquine market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
List of Key Players
Revenue By players
Market share of players
Product Offerings
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Chloroquine Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Chloroquine Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Table of Contents
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Chloroquine Product
1.2 Market Segments
1.3 Key Manufacturers Covered
1.4 Market by Type
1.4.1 Global Chloroquine Market Size Growth Rate by Product
1.4.2 Injectables
1.4.3 Capsules
1.4.4 Tablets
1.5 Market by End User
1.5.1 Global Chloroquine Market Size Growth Rate by End User
1.5.2 Arthrophlogosis
1.5.3 Malaria
1.5.4 Others
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Chloroquine Market Size
2.1.1 Global Chloroquine Revenue 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Chloroquine Sales 2016-2027
2.2 Chloroquine Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Chloroquine Sales by Regions
2.2.2 Global Chloroquine Revenue by Regions
3 Breakdown Data by Manufacturers
3.1 Chloroquine Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Chloroquine Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1.3 Global Chloroquine Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.2 Chloroquine Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Chloroquine Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.2.2 Chloroquine Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.3 Chloroquine Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Chloroquine Manufacturing Base Distribution, Product Types
3.4.1 Chloroquine Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution, Headquarters
3.4.2 Manufacturers Chloroquine Product Type
3.4.3 Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Chloroquine Market
3.5 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Breakdown Data by Product
4.1 Global Chloroquine Sales by Product
4.2 Global Chloroquine Revenue by Product
4.3 Chloroquine Price by Product
5 Breakdown Data by End User
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Chloroquine Breakdown Data by End User
6 North America
6.1 North America Chloroquine by Countries
6.1.1 North America Chloroquine Sales by Countries
6.1.2 North America Chloroquine Revenue by Countries
6.1.3 United States
6.1.4 Canada
6.1.5 Mexico
6.2 North America Chloroquine by Product
6.3 North America Chloroquine by End User
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Chloroquine by Countries
7.1.1 Europe Chloroquine Sales by Countries
7.1.2 Europe Chloroquine Revenue by Countries
7.1.3 Germany
7.1.4 France
7.1.5 UK
7.1.6 Italy
7.1.7 Russia
7.2 Europe Chloroquine by Product
7.3 Europe Chloroquine by End User
8 Asia Pacific
8.1 Asia Pacific Chloroquine by Countries
8.1.1 Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales by Countries
8.1.2 Asia Pacific Chloroquine Revenue by Countries
8.1.3 China
8.1.4 Japan
8.1.5 Korea
8.1.6 India
8.1.7 Australia
8.1.8 Indonesia
8.1.9 Malaysia
8.1.10 Philippines
8.1.11 Thailand
8.1.12 Vietnam
8.1.13 Singapore
8.2 Asia Pacific Chloroquine by Product
8.3 Asia Pacific Chloroquine by End User
9 Central & South America
9.1 Central & South America Chloroquine by Countries
9.1.1 Central & South America Chloroquine Sales by Countries
9.1.2 Central & South America Chloroquine Revenue by Countries
9.1.3 Brazil
9.2 Central & South America Chloroquine by Product
9.3 Central & South America Chloroquine by End User
10 Middle East and Africa
10.1 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine by Countries
10.1.1 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales by Countries
10.1.2 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Revenue by Countries
10.1.3 GCC Countries
10.1.4 Turkey
10.1.5 Egypt
10.1.6 South Africa
10.2 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine by Product
10.3 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine by End User
11 Company Profiles
11.1 ARTECEF
11.1.1 ARTECEF Company Details
11.1.2 Company Business Overview
11.1.3 ARTECEF Chloroquine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2020)
11.1.4 ARTECEF Chloroquine Products Offered
11.1.5 ARTECEF Recent Development
11.2 Fishman Chemical
11.2.1 Fishman Chemical Company Details
11.2.2 Company Business Overview
11.2.3 Fishman Chemical Chloroquine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2020)
11.2.4 Fishman Chemical Chloroquine Products Offered
11.2.5 Fishman Chemical Recent Development
11.3 Uniprix
11.3.1 Uniprix Company Details
11.3.2 Company Business Overview
11.3.3 Uniprix Chloroquine Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2019-2020)
11.3.4 Uniprix Chloroquine Products Offered
11.3.5 Uniprix Recent Development
12 Future Forecast
12.1 Chloroquine Market Forecast by Regions
12.1.1 Global Chloroquine Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
12.1.2 Global Chloroquine Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
12.2 Chloroquine Market Forecast by Product
12.2.1 Global Chloroquine Sales Forecast by Product 2021-2027
12.2.2 Global Chloroquine Revenue Forecast by Product 2021-2027
12.3 Chloroquine Market Forecast by End User
12.4 North America Chloroquine Forecast
12.5 Europe Chloroquine Forecast
12.6 Asia Pacific Chloroquine Forecast
12.7 Central & South America Chloroquine Forecast
12.8 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Forecast
13 Market Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
13.1 Market Opportunities and Drivers
13.2 Market Challenges
13.3 Market Risks/Restraints
13.4 Macroscopic Indicators
14 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
14.1 Value Chain Analysis
14.2 Chloroquine Customers
14.3 Sales Channels Analysis
14.3.1 Sales Channels
14.3.2 Distributors
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
16.1 Research Methodology
16.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
16.1.2 Data Source
16.2 Author Details
16.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Chloroquine Product Picture
Table Chloroquine Market Segments
Table Key Manufacturers Chloroquine Covered
Table Global Chloroquine Market Size Growth Rate by Product 2021-2027 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Product 2016-2027
Figure Injectables Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Injectables
Figure Capsules Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Capsules
Figure Tablets Product Picture
Table Major Manufacturers of Tablets
Table Global Chloroquine Market Size Growth Rate by End User 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Arthrophlogosis
Figure Malaria
Figure Others
Figure Chloroquine Report Years Considered
Figure Global Chloroquine Market Size 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Chloroquine Sales 2016-2027 (K MT)
Table Global Chloroquine Market Size by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Chloroquine Sales by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT)
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure 2020 Global Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Regions
Table Global Chloroquine Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Global Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure 2020 Global Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Regions
Table Global Chloroquine Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2020) (K MT)
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Share by Manufacturers (2019-2020)
Figure Global Chloroquine Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Chloroquine Revenue by Manufacturers (2019-2020) (Million USD)
Table Chloroquine Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2019-2020)
Figure Chloroquine Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Key Manufacturers Chloroquine Price (2016-2020) (USD/MT)
Table Chloroquine Manufacturers Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
Table Manufacturers Chloroquine Product Type
Table Date of International Manufacturers Enter into Chloroquine Market
Table Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Chloroquine Sales by Product (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Share by Product (2016-2020)
Figure Global Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Product (2016-2020)
Figure Global Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Product in 2020
Table Global Chloroquine Revenue by Product (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Chloroquine Revenue Share by Product (2016-2020)
Figure Global Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Product (2016-2020)
Figure Global Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Product in 2020
Table Chloroquine Price by Product 2016-2020 (USD/MT)
Table Global Chloroquine Sales by End User (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Share by End User (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Chloroquine Market Share by End User (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Chloroquine Market Share by End User in 2020
Figure North America Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure North America Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table North America Chloroquine Sales by Countries (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table North America Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 North America Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries
Table North America Chloroquine Revenue by Countries (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table North America Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 North America Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure United States Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure United States Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Canada Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Canada Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Mexico Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Mexico Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table North America Chloroquine Sales by Product (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table North America Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Product (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 North America Chloroquine Market Share by Product
Table North America Chloroquine Sales by End User (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table North America Chloroquine Sales Market Share by End User (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 North America Chloroquine Market Share by End User
Figure Europe Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Europe Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Europe Chloroquine Sales by Countries (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Europe Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Europe Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries
Table Europe Chloroquine Revenue by Countries (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Europe Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Europe Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure Germany Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Germany Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure France Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure France Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure UK Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure UK Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Italy Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Italy Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Russia Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Russia Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Europe Chloroquine Sales by Product (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Europe Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Product (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Europe Chloroquine Market Share by Product
Table Europe Chloroquine Sales by End User (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Europe Chloroquine Sales Market Share by End User (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Europe Chloroquine Market Share by End User
Figure Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Asia Pacific Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales by Countries (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries
Table Asia Pacific Chloroquine Revenue by Countries (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Asia Pacific Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Asia Pacific Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure China Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure China Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Japan Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Japan Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Korea Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Korea Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure India Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure India Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Australia Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Australia Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Indonesia Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Indonesia Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Malaysia Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Malaysia Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Philippines Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Philippines Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Thailand Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Thailand Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Vietnam Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Vietnam Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Singapore Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Singapore Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales by Product (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Product (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Asia Pacific Chloroquine Market Share by Product
Table Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales by End User (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales Market Share by End User (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Asia Pacific Chloroquine Market Share by End User
Figure Central & South America Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Central & South America Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Chloroquine Sales by Countries (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Central & South America Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Central & South America Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries
Table Central & South America Chloroquine Revenue by Countries (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Central & South America Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure Brazil Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Brazil Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Argentina Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Argentina Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Chloroquine Sales by Product (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Central & South America Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Product (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Central & South America Chloroquine Market Share by Product
Table Central & South America Chloroquine Sales by End User (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Central & South America Chloroquine Sales Market Share by End User (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Central & South America Chloroquine Market Share by End User
Figure Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales by Countries (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Countries
Table Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Revenue by Countries (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Revenue Market Share by Countries
Figure GCC Countries Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure GCC Countries Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Turkey Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Turkey Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Egypt Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Egypt Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure South Africa Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure South Africa Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales by Product (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales Market Share by Product (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Market Share by Product
Table Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales by End User (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales Market Share by End User (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Market Share by End User
Table ARTECEF Company Details
Table ARTECEF Chloroquine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table ARTECEF Recent Development
Table Fishman Chemical Company Details
Table Fishman Chemical Chloroquine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Fishman Chemical Recent Development
Table Uniprix Company Details
Table Uniprix Chloroquine Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Uniprix Recent Development
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K MT)
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Chloroquine Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Chloroquine Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Forecast by Product 2021-2027 (K MT)
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Market Share Forecast by Product 2021-2027
Table Global Chloroquine Revenue Forecast by Product 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Chloroquine Revenue Market Share Forecast by Product 2021-2027
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Forecast by End User 2021-2027 (K MT)
Table Global Chloroquine Sales Market Share Forecast by End User 2021-2027
Figure North America Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (K MT)
Figure North America Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (Million US$)
Figure Europe Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (K MT)
Figure Europe Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (Million US$)
Figure Asia Pacific Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (K MT)
Figure Asia Pacific Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (Million US$)
Figure Central & South America Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (K MT)
Figure Central & South America Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (Million US$)
Figure Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Sales Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (K MT)
Figure Middle East and Africa Chloroquine Revenue Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2027) (Million US$)
Table Chloroquine Value Chain
Table Chloroquine Customers List
Table Chloroquine Distributors List
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources