Global Narcotic Analgesics Market has been getting lots of traction from different emerging countries and regions and in the times of COVID-19, the market is expected to change % in terms of year on year growth. To study the impact of COVID-19, the research has been segmented by Type, By Application, By Regions and By Companies. The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Narcotic Analgesics and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
Narcotic Analgesics Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Morphine
Fentanyl
Tramadol
Key data provided:
Market Size By Application
Market Share By Application
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Price (If Available)
Narcotic Analgesics Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Hospital
Medical Center
Others
Key data provided:
Market Size By Application
Market Share By Application
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Narcotic Analgesics Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):-
The Narcotic Analgesics Market has been thoroughly researched with help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the regions i.e. North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Narcotic Analgesics Report:
North America
Europe
Asia Pacific
Latin America
Middle East and Africa
Key data provided:
Market Size By Regions and Countries
Market Share By Regions and Countries
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Narcotic Analgesics Market:
Narcotic Analgesics market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
List of Key Players
Revenue By players
Market share of players
Product Offerings
The major vendors covered:
Sanofi S.A.
Novartis AG
GlaxoSmithKline PLC
Pfizer
Reckitt Benckiser
Endo Pharmaceuticals
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Narcotic Analgesics Market status and future forecast in North America, Europe, APAC and MEA involving value (revenue), growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
To present the key Narcotic Analgesics Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Available Customizations in The Report:
We can add additional companies as per your choice in the report
We can add specific country/countries of your choice
We can add additional segments such as market by technology, raw material, distribution channel, platform etc.*
Investment Analysis in specific country
We can source details of suppliers and distributors for potential collaboration
* Data is subject to availability
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Narcotic Analgesics Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2020-2027)
1.3.2 Morphine
1.3.3 Fentanyl
1.3.4 Tramadol
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Application (2020-2027)
1.4.2 Hospital
1.4.3 Medical Center
1.4.4 Others
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Narcotic Analgesics Market Size
2.1.1 Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales 2016-2027
2.2 Narcotic Analgesics Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Regions 2016-2020
2.2.2 Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue by Regions 2016-2020
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Manufacturers 2016-2020
3.1.2 Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2016-2020
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Narcotic Analgesics Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.2.2 Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.2.3 Global Narcotic Analgesics Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Narcotic Analgesics Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Narcotic Analgesics Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Narcotic Analgesics Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Narcotic Analgesics Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type
4.1.1 Morphine Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.1.2 Fentanyl Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.1.3 Tramadol Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Market Share by Type
4.4 Narcotic Analgesics Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Application
6 United States
6.1 United States Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Company
6.2 United States Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Type
6.3 United States Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Application
7 European Union
7.1 European Union Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Company
7.2 European Union Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Type
7.3 European Union Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Application
8 China
8.1 China Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Company
8.2 China Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Type
8.3 China Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Application
9 Rest of World
9.1 Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Company
9.2 Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Type
9.3 Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Application
9.4 Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Breakdown Data by Countries
9.4.1 Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Countries
9.4.2 Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Revenue by Countries
9.4.3 Japan
9.4.4 Korea
9.4.5 India
9.4.6 Southeast Asia
10 Company Profiles
10.1 Sanofi S.A.
10.1.1 Sanofi S.A. Company Details
10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Narcotic Analgesics
10.1.4 Narcotic Analgesics Product Introduction
10.1.5 Sanofi S.A. Recent Development
10.2 Novartis AG
10.2.1 Novartis AG Company Details
10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Narcotic Analgesics
10.2.4 Narcotic Analgesics Product Introduction
10.2.5 Novartis AG Recent Development
10.3 GlaxoSmithKline PLC
10.3.1 GlaxoSmithKline PLC Company Details
10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Narcotic Analgesics
10.3.4 Narcotic Analgesics Product Introduction
10.3.5 GlaxoSmithKline PLC Recent Development
10.4 Pfizer
10.4.1 Pfizer Company Details
10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Narcotic Analgesics
10.4.4 Narcotic Analgesics Product Introduction
10.4.5 Pfizer Recent Development
10.5 Reckitt Benckiser
10.5.1 Reckitt Benckiser Company Details
10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Narcotic Analgesics
10.5.4 Narcotic Analgesics Product Introduction
10.5.5 Reckitt Benckiser Recent Development
10.6 Endo Pharmaceuticals
10.6.1 Endo Pharmaceuticals Company Details
10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Narcotic Analgesics
10.6.4 Narcotic Analgesics Product Introduction
10.6.5 Endo Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Narcotic Analgesics Sales Channels
11.2.2 Narcotic Analgesics Distributors
11.3 Narcotic Analgesics Customers
12 Market Forecast
12.1 Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales and Revenue Forecast 2020-2027
12.2 Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast by Application
12.4 Narcotic Analgesics Forecast by Regions
12.4.1 Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast by Regions 2020-2027
12.4.2 Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast by Regions 2020-2027
12.5 United States Market Forecast
12.6 European Union Market Forecast
12.7 China Market Forecast
12.8 Rest of World
12.8.1 Japan
12.8.2 Korea
12.8.3 India
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Narcotic Analgesics Product Picture
Table Narcotic Analgesics Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Narcotic Analgesics Covered in This Report
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2020-2027(K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Morphine Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Morphine
Figure Fentanyl Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Fentanyl
Figure Tramadol Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Tramadol
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Application 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Hospital Use Case
Figure Medical Center Use Case
Figure Others Use Case
Figure Narcotic Analgesics Report Years Considered
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Market Size 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Market Size by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Narcotic Analgesics Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (Million USD)
Table Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Narcotic Analgesics Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Manufacturers Narcotic Analgesics Price (2016-2020) (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Narcotic Analgesics Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Narcotic Analgesics Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Narcotic Analgesics Market
Table Key Manufacturers Narcotic Analgesics Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Morphine Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Fentanyl Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Tramadol Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Narcotic Analgesics Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure United States Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure United States Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table United States Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure United States Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table United States Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure United States Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure United States Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure European Union Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table European Union Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure European Union Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table European Union Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 European Union Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Type
Table European Union Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 European Union Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Application
Figure China Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table China Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure China Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table China Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure China Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure China Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Market Share by Application in 2020
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales by Countries (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share by Countries in 2020
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Revenue by Countries (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2020
Figure Japan Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Japan Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Sanofi S.A. Company Details
Table Sanofi S.A. Description and Business Overview
Table Sanofi S.A. Narcotic Analgesics Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Sanofi S.A. Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Sanofi S.A. Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Sanofi S.A. Recent Development
Table Novartis AG Company Details
Table Novartis AG Description and Business Overview
Table Novartis AG Narcotic Analgesics Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Novartis AG Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Novartis AG Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Novartis AG Recent Development
Table GlaxoSmithKline PLC Company Details
Table GlaxoSmithKline PLC Description and Business Overview
Table GlaxoSmithKline PLC Narcotic Analgesics Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table GlaxoSmithKline PLC Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table GlaxoSmithKline PLC Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table GlaxoSmithKline PLC Recent Development
Table Pfizer Company Details
Table Pfizer Description and Business Overview
Table Pfizer Narcotic Analgesics Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Pfizer Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Pfizer Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Pfizer Recent Development
Table Reckitt Benckiser Company Details
Table Reckitt Benckiser Description and Business Overview
Table Reckitt Benckiser Narcotic Analgesics Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Reckitt Benckiser Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Reckitt Benckiser Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Reckitt Benckiser Recent Development
Table Endo Pharmaceuticals Company Details
Table Endo Pharmaceuticals Description and Business Overview
Table Endo Pharmaceuticals Narcotic Analgesics Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Endo Pharmaceuticals Narcotic Analgesics Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Endo Pharmaceuticals Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Endo Pharmaceuticals Recent Development
Figure Narcotic Analgesics Value Chain
Table Narcotic Analgesics Distributors List
Table Narcotic Analgesics Customers List
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast 2020-2027(K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast by Type 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast by Type 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2020-2025
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast by Application 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast by Application 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2020-2025
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast by Regions 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast by Regions 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2020-2025
Table Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast by Regions 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast by Regions 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2020-2025
Figure United States Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure United States Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure European Union Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure European Union Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure China Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure China Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure Japan Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Japan Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure Korea Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Korea Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure India Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure India Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure Southeast Asia Narcotic Analgesics Sales Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Narcotic Analgesics Revenue Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources