Global Presenters Market has been getting lots of traction from different emerging countries and regions and in the times of COVID-19, the market is expected to change % in terms of year on year growth. To study the impact of COVID-19, the research has been segmented by Type, By Application, By Regions and By Companies. The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Presenters and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
Presenters Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Infrared
Radio Frequency
Key data provided:
Market Size By Application
Market Share By Application
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Price (If Available)
Presenters Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Retail Channel
Corporate Channel
Key data provided:
Market Size By Application
Market Share By Application
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Presenters Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):-
The Presenters Market has been thoroughly researched with help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the regions i.e. North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Presenters Report:
North America
Europe
Asia Pacific
Latin America
Middle East and Africa
Key data provided:
Market Size By Regions and Countries
Market Share By Regions and Countries
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Presenters Market:
Presenters market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
List of Key Players
Revenue By players
Market share of players
Product Offerings
The major vendors covered:
Logitech
Kensington
Targus
DELI
PISEN
Hawk
Knorvay
Hanvon
Lefant
Newmen
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Presenters Market status and future forecast in North America, Europe, APAC and MEA involving value (revenue), growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
To present the key Presenters Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Available Customizations in The Report:
We can add additional companies as per your choice in the report
We can add specific country/countries of your choice
We can add additional segments such as market by technology, raw material, distribution channel, platform etc.*
Investment Analysis in specific country
We can source details of suppliers and distributors for potential collaboration
* Data is subject to availability
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Presenters Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2020-2027)
1.3.2 Infrared
1.3.3 Radio Frequency
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Presenters Market Share by Application (2020-2027)
1.4.2 Retail Channel
1.4.3 Corporate Channel
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Presenters Production Value 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Presenters Production 2016-2027
2.1.3 Global Presenters Capacity 2016-2027
2.1.4 Global Presenters Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2020-2027
2.2.1 Global Presenters Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Presenters Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Presenters Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Presenters Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Presenters Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.2.2 Presenters Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.2.3 Global Presenters Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Presenters Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Presenters Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Presenters Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Presenters Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Infrared Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.1.2 Radio Frequency Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Presenters Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Presenters Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Presenters Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Presenters Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Presenters Production (History Data) by Regions 2016-2020
6.2 Global Presenters Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.2 United States Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Presenters Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.2 European Union Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Presenters Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.2 China Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Presenters Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Presenters Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Presenters Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Presenters Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Presenters Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Presenters Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Presenters Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Presenters Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Presenters Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Presenters Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Presenters Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Logitech
8.1.1 Logitech Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.1.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.1.5 Logitech Recent Development
8.2 Kensington
8.2.1 Kensington Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.2.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.2.5 Kensington Recent Development
8.3 Targus
8.3.1 Targus Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.3.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.3.5 Targus Recent Development
8.4 DELI
8.4.1 DELI Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.4.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.4.5 DELI Recent Development
8.5 PISEN
8.5.1 PISEN Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.5.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.5.5 PISEN Recent Development
8.6 Hawk
8.6.1 Hawk Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.6.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.6.5 Hawk Recent Development
8.7 Knorvay
8.7.1 Knorvay Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.7.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.7.5 Knorvay Recent Development
8.8 Hanvon
8.8.1 Hanvon Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.8.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.8.5 Hanvon Recent Development
8.9 Lefant
8.9.1 Lefant Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.9.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.9.5 Lefant Recent Development
8.10 Newmen
8.10.1 Newmen Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Presenters
8.10.4 Presenters Product Introduction
8.10.5 Newmen Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Presenters Capacity, Production Forecast 2020-2027
9.1.2 Global Presenters Production Value Forecast 2020-2027
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Presenters Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2020-2027
9.2.2 Global Presenters Consumption Forecast by Regions 2020-2027
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Presenters Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Presenters Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Presenters Sales Channels
10.2.2 Presenters Distributors
10.3 Presenters Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Presenters Product Picture
Table Presenters Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Presenters Covered in This Report
Table Global Presenters Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2020-2027(K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Presenters Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Infrared Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Infrared
Figure Radio Frequency Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Radio Frequency
Table Global Presenters Market Share by Application 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Retail Channel Use Case
Figure Corporate Channel Use Case
Figure Presenters Report Years Considered
Figure Global Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Presenters Production 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Presenters Capacity 2016-2027 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Presenters Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Presenters Price 2016-2027 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Presenters Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Presenters Growth Rate of Key Regions 2020-2027(Million USD)
Table Global Presenters Market Share for of Regions 2020-2027(K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Presenters Capacity by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Presenters Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Global Presenters Production by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Presenters Production Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Global Presenters Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Presenters Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (Million USD)
Table Presenters Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Presenters Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Presenters Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Presenters Price by Manufacturers 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Presenters Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Presenters Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Presenters Market
Table Key Manufacturers Presenters Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Infrared Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Radio Frequency Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Presenters Production by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Presenters Production Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Presenters Production Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Presenters Production Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Presenters Production Value by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Presenters Production Value Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Presenters Production Value Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Presenters Production Value Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Presenters Ex-factory Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Presenters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Presenters Consumption Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Consumption Presenters Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Global Presenters Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Presenters Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Presenters Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Presenters Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Presenters Production Value by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Presenters Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Presenters Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Presenters Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table United States Presenters Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure United States Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table United States Presenters Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Presenters Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure European Union Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table European Union Presenters Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Presenters Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Presenters Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Korea Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure India Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Presenters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Presenters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Presenters Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Presenters Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Presenters Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Presenters Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure United States Presenters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Presenters Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Presenters Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Presenters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Presenters Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Presenters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Presenters Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Presenters Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table European Union Presenters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Presenters Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure China Presenters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Presenters Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Presenters Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Presenters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Presenters Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Presenters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Presenters Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Presenters Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Presenters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Presenters Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Japan Presenters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Presenters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Presenters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Presenters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Logitech Company Details
Table Logitech Description and Business Overview
Table Logitech Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Logitech Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Logitech Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Logitech Recent Development
Table Kensington Company Details
Table Kensington Description and Business Overview
Table Kensington Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Kensington Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Kensington Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Kensington Recent Development
Table Targus Company Details
Table Targus Description and Business Overview
Table Targus Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Targus Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Targus Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Targus Recent Development
Table DELI Company Details
Table DELI Description and Business Overview
Table DELI Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table DELI Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table DELI Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table DELI Recent Development
Table PISEN Company Details
Table PISEN Description and Business Overview
Table PISEN Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table PISEN Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table PISEN Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table PISEN Recent Development
Table Hawk Company Details
Table Hawk Description and Business Overview
Table Hawk Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Hawk Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Hawk Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Hawk Recent Development
Table Knorvay Company Details
Table Knorvay Description and Business Overview
Table Knorvay Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Knorvay Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Knorvay Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Knorvay Recent Development
Table Hanvon Company Details
Table Hanvon Description and Business Overview
Table Hanvon Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Hanvon Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Hanvon Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Hanvon Recent Development
Table Lefant Company Details
Table Lefant Description and Business Overview
Table Lefant Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Lefant Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Lefant Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Lefant Recent Development
Table Newmen Company Details
Table Newmen Description and Business Overview
Table Newmen Presenters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Newmen Presenters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Newmen Presenters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Newmen Recent Development
Table Global Presenters Capacity, Production Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Presenters Capacity Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Presenters Production Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Presenters Production Value Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Table Global Presenters Production Value Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Table Global Presenters Production Forecast by Regions 2020-2027(K Units)
Table Global Presenters Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2020-2025
Table Global Presenters Production Value Forecast by Regions 2020-2027(Million US$)
Table Global Presenters Consumption Forecast by Regions 2020-2027(K Units)
Table Global Presenters Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2020-2025
Table United States Presenters Production and Production Value Forecast 2020-2027(K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Presenters Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Table United States Presenters Production Value Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure United States Presenters Consumption Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Table European Union Presenters Production and Production Value Forecast 2020-2027(K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Presenters Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Table European Union Presenters Production Value Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure European Union Presenters Consumption Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Table China Presenters Production and Production Value Forecast 2020-2027(K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Presenters Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Table China Presenters Production Value Forecast 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure China Presenters Consumption Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Japan Presenters Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Japan Presenters Consumption Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Korea Presenters Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Korea Presenters Consumption Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure India Presenters Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure India Presenters Consumption Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Presenters Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Presenters Consumption Forecast 2020-2027(K Units)
Table Global Presenters Production Forecast by Type 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Presenters Production Forecast by Type 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Presenters Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2020-2025
Table Global Presenters Production Value Forecast by Type 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure Global Presenters Production Value Forecast by Type 2020-2027(Million US$)
Figure Global Presenters Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2020-2025
Table Global Presenters Consumption Forecast by Application 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Presenters Consumption Forecast by Application 2020-2027(K Units)
Figure Global Presenters Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2020-2025
Figure Presenters Value Chain
Table Presenters Distributors List
Table Presenters Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources