2021-09-21
Published Date
Consumer Discretionary
Industry
115
Pages
Global Smart Bidets Market Overview The global Smart Bidets market is expected to reach USD XX Million by the end of year 2027 from USD XX Million from the year 2021. In the span of last two years, Smart Bidets market has shown promising growth from both sides (Demand and Supply) and demand from end users is expected to rise continuously. It has also been observed that the Smart Bidets market has registered XX% of growth rate during 2016-2021 and is estimated to register XX% of CAGR during the period 2021 to 2027. COVID 19 Impact on Smart Bidets Market The COVID19 outbreak had a major impact on several industries on different levels; Some of these were border restrictions, transportation, and logistics restrictions, and worldwide bans. It also created economic uncertainty as the outbreak created a situation where both manufacturing and service industries were kept shut for very long period. Lack of availability of solution and the growing number of people infected with COVID and the uncertainty about the end of the crisis are much greater than with previous outbreaks. The pandemic has resulted in the closure of regions, border restrictions and the breakdown of transport networks. Segment Analysis of Smart Bidets Market This study on Smart Bidets market estimates and provides revenue growth at global, regional and country levels also, offers an overview of the latest developments in each of the sub-sectors from 2016 to 2027. For this analysis, READ Market Research has bifurcated the market of Smart Bidets into Type Segment, Application Segment and Regional Segment. The companies mentioned in the report are: ToTo Panasonic Inax Toshiba Aisin Izen HSPA Coway Kohler American Standard Brondell HomeTECH Villeroy & Boch Soojee Dongpeng JOMOO Ryoji Faenza Note: We can also add companies which are not part of the above list One of the very important chapter of Smart Bidets market report is competitive analysis. In this chapter, we have presented a detailed overview of the competition and have provided the market revenue of each company along with the market share. Global Smart Bidets Market Analysis By Type One-Piece Type Smart Bidets Split Type Smart Bidets In the year 2021, One-Piece Type Smart Bidets segment had XX% of market share and in terms of value, the One-Piece Type Smart Bidets market was valued at USD XX Million. It is expected that One-Piece Type Smart Bidets will have XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 and the incremental growth from 2021 till 2027 is expected to be USD XX Million. Global Smart Bidets Market Analysis By Application Commercial Residential Commercial segment is expected to account for XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 from XX% in 2021. The Commercial segment is expected to grow at USD XX million by the end of year 2027. Regional Analysis Geographically, the global Smart Bidets market has been categorized as North America, Europe, the Asia-Pacific, the Middle East & Africa, and South America. North America accounted Smart Bidets market accounted for XX% of the market share in the year 2021 and register strong growth during the forecast period. However, the APAC area is experiencing significant growth due to various factors. Report Scope: Market Size: XX Million (Ask for Sample in order to view the details) CAGR: XX% Ask for Sample in order to view the details) Base Year: 2021 Forecast Period: 2022-2027 Forecast Units: Value (USD Million) Geographies Covered: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, South America Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ: What will be the dynamics for the adoption of Smart Bidets market based on Consumer Discretionary Industry Which product will contribute more to the overall market share by 2027 Which region is expected to adopt Smart Bidets offerings at a fast rate What are the key market dynamics influencing Smart Bidets market growth How will they turn into strengths or weaknesses of companies operating in the market space
1 Report Overview 1.1 Study Scope 1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report 1.3 Market Segment by Type 1.3.1 Global Smart Bidets Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2022-2027) 1.3.2 One-Piece Type Smart Bidets 1.3.3 Split Type Smart Bidets 1.4 Market Segment by Application 1.4.1 Global Smart Bidets Market Share by Application (2022-2027) 1.4.2 Commercial 1.4.3 Residential 1.5 Study Objectives 1.6 Years Considered 2 Global Growth Trends 2.1 Global Smart Bidets Market Size 2.1.1 Global Smart Bidets Revenue 2016-2027 2.1.2 Global Smart Bidets Sales 2016-2027 2.2 Smart Bidets Growth Rate by Regions 2.2.1 Global Smart Bidets Sales by Regions 2016-2021 2.2.2 Global Smart Bidets Revenue by Regions 2016-2021 2.3 Industry Trends 2.3.1 Market Top Trends 2.3.2 Market Drivers 3 Market Share by Manufacturers 3.1 Smart Bidets Sales by Manufacturers 3.1.1 Smart Bidets Sales by Manufacturers 2016-2021 3.1.2 Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2016-2021 3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers 3.2.1 Smart Bidets Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2021) 3.2.2 Smart Bidets Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021) 3.2.3 Global Smart Bidets Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) 3.3 Smart Bidets Price by Manufacturers 3.4 Key Manufacturers Smart Bidets Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served 3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Smart Bidets Market 3.6 Key Manufacturers Smart Bidets Product Offered 3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 4 Market Size by Type 4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type 4.1.1 One-Piece Type Smart Bidets Sales and Revenue (2016-2021) 4.1.2 Split Type Smart Bidets Sales and Revenue (2016-2021) 4.2 Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Type 4.3 Global Smart Bidets Revenue Market Share by Type 4.4 Smart Bidets Price by Type 5 Market Size by Application 5.1 Overview 5.2 Global Smart Bidets Sales by Application 6 United States 6.1 United States Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Company 6.2 United States Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Type 6.3 United States Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Application 7 European Union 7.1 European Union Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Company 7.2 European Union Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Type 7.3 European Union Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Application 8 China 8.1 China Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Company 8.2 China Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Type 8.3 China Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Application 9 Rest of World 9.1 Rest of World Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Company 9.2 Rest of World Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Type 9.3 Rest of World Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Application 9.4 Rest of World Smart Bidets Breakdown Data by Countries 9.4.1 Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales by Countries 9.4.2 Rest of World Smart Bidets Revenue by Countries 9.4.3 Japan 9.4.4 Korea 9.4.5 India 9.4.6 Southeast Asia 10 Company Profiles 10.1 ToTo 10.1.1 ToTo Company Details 10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.1.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.1.5 ToTo Recent Development 10.2 Panasonic 10.2.1 Panasonic Company Details 10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.2.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.2.5 Panasonic Recent Development 10.3 Inax 10.3.1 Inax Company Details 10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.3.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.3.5 Inax Recent Development 10.4 Toshiba 10.4.1 Toshiba Company Details 10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.4.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.4.5 Toshiba Recent Development 10.5 Aisin 10.5.1 Aisin Company Details 10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.5.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.5.5 Aisin Recent Development 10.6 Izen 10.6.1 Izen Company Details 10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.6.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.6.5 Izen Recent Development 10.7 HSPA 10.7.1 HSPA Company Details 10.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.7.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.7.5 HSPA Recent Development 10.8 Coway 10.8.1 Coway Company Details 10.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.8.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.8.5 Coway Recent Development 10.9 Kohler 10.9.1 Kohler Company Details 10.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.9.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.9.5 Kohler Recent Development 10.10 American Standard 10.10.1 American Standard Company Details 10.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview 10.10.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Smart Bidets 10.10.4 Smart Bidets Product Introduction 10.10.5 American Standard Recent Development 10.11 Brondell 10.12 HomeTECH 10.13 Villeroy & Boch 10.14 Soojee 10.15 Dongpeng 10.16 JOMOO 10.17 Ryoji 10.18 Faenza 11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis 11.1 Value Chain Analysis 11.2 Sales Channels Analysis 11.2.1 Smart Bidets Sales Channels 11.2.2 Smart Bidets Distributors 11.3 Smart Bidets Customers 12 Market Forecast 12.1 Global Smart Bidets Sales and Revenue Forecast 2022-2027 12.2 Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast by Type 12.3 Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast by Application 12.4 Smart Bidets Forecast by Regions 12.4.1 Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast by Regions 2022-2027 12.4.2 Global Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast by Regions 2022-2027 12.5 United States Market Forecast 12.6 European Union Market Forecast 12.7 China Market Forecast 12.8 Rest of World 12.8.1 Japan 12.8.2 Korea 12.8.3 India 13 Research Findings and Conclusion 14 Appendix 14.1 Research Methodology 14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach 14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design 14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation 14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 14.1.2 Data Source 14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources 14.1.2.2 Primary Sources 14.2 DisclaimerList of Tables and Figures
Figure Smart Bidets Product Picture Table Smart Bidets Key Market Segments Table Major Manufacturers Smart Bidets Covered in This Report Table Global Smart Bidets Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2022-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027 Figure One-Piece Type Smart Bidets Figures Table Major Manufacturers of One-Piece Type Smart Bidets Figure Split Type Smart Bidets Figures Table Major Manufacturers of Split Type Smart Bidets Table Global Smart Bidets Market Share by Application 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Commercial Use Case Figure Residential Use Case Figure Smart Bidets Report Years Considered Figure Global Smart Bidets Market Size 2016-2027 (Million US$) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales 2016-2021 (K Units) Table Global Smart Bidets Market Size by Regions 2016-2021 (K Units) & (Million US$) Table Global Smart Bidets Sales by Regions 2016-2021 (K Units) Table Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2021 Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2021 Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Regions in 2021 Table Global Smart Bidets Revenue by Regions 2016-2021 (Million US$) Table Global Smart Bidets Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2021 Figure Global Smart Bidets Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2021 Figure Global Smart Bidets Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2021 Table Market Top Trends Table Global Smart Bidets Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2021) (K Units) Table Global Smart Bidets Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2021 Table Smart Bidets Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2021) (Million USD) Table Smart Bidets Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021) Figure Smart Bidets Value Share by Manufacturers in 2021 Table Global Smart Bidets Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI) Table Key Manufacturers Smart Bidets Price (2016-2021) (USD/Unit) Table Key Manufacturers Smart Bidets Plants/Factories Distribution Table Key Manufacturers Smart Bidets Area Served Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Smart Bidets Market Table Key Manufacturers Smart Bidets Product Type Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans Table Global One-Piece Type Smart Bidets Sales and Revenue (2016-2021) (K Units) & (Million US$) Table Global Split Type Smart Bidets Sales and Revenue (2016-2021) (K Units) & (Million US$) Table Global Smart Bidets Sales by Type (2016-2021) (K Units) Table Global Smart Bidets Sales Share by Type (2016-2021) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Type in 2021 Table Global Smart Bidets Revenue by Type (2016-2021) (Million US$) Table Global Smart Bidets Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021) Figure Global Smart Bidets Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021) Figure Global Smart Bidets Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021 Table Smart Bidets Price by Type 2016-2021 (USD/Unit) Table Global Smart Bidets Sales by Application (2016-2021) (K Units) Table Global Smart Bidets Sales Share by Application (2016-2021) Figure Global Sales Smart Bidets Market Share by Application (2016-2021) Figure Global Sales Smart Bidets Market Share by Application (2016-2021) Figure United States Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate 2016-2021 (K Units) Figure United States Smart Bidets Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2021 (Million US$) Table United States Smart Bidets Sales by Company (2016-2021) (K Units) Table United States Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2021) Figure United States Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Company in 2021 Table United States Smart Bidets Sales by Type (2016-2021) (K Units) Table United States Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021) Figure United States Smart Bidets Market Share by Type in 2021 Table United States Smart Bidets Sales by Application (2016-2021) (K Units) Table United States Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021) Figure United States Smart Bidets Market Share by Application in 2021 Figure European Union Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate 2016-2021 (K Units) Figure European Union Smart Bidets Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2021 (Million US$) Table European Union Smart Bidets Sales by Company (2016-2021) (K Units) Table European Union Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2021) Figure European Union Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Company in 2021 Table European Union Smart Bidets Sales by Type (2016-2021) (K Units) Table European Union Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021) Figure European Union Smart Bidets Market Share by Type Table European Union Smart Bidets Sales by Application (2016-2021) (K Units) Table European Union Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021) Figure European Union Smart Bidets Market Share by Application Figure China Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate 2016-2021 (K Units) Figure China Smart Bidets Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2021 (Million US$) Table China Smart Bidets Sales by Company (2016-2021) (K Units) Table China Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2021) Figure China Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Company in 2021 Table China Smart Bidets Sales by Type (2016-2021) (K Units) Table China Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021) Figure China Smart Bidets Market Share by Type in 2021 Table China Smart Bidets Sales by Application (2016-2021) (K Units) Table China Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021) Figure China Smart Bidets Market Share by Application in 2021 Figure Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate 2016-2021 (K Units) Figure Rest of World Smart Bidets Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2021 (Million US$) Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales by Company (2016-2021) (K Units) Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2021) Figure Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Company in 2021 Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales by Type (2016-2021) (K Units) Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021) Figure Rest of World Smart Bidets Market Share by Type in 2021 Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales by Application (2016-2021) (K Units) Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021) Figure Rest of World Smart Bidets Market Share by Application in 2021 Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales by Countries (2016-2021) (K Units) Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2021) Figure Rest of World Smart Bidets Sales Market Share by Countries in 2021 Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Revenue by Countries (2016-2021) (Million US$) Table Rest of World Smart Bidets Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2021) Figure Rest of World Smart Bidets Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2021 Figure Japan Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units) Figure Japan Smart Bidets Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units) Figure Korea Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units) Figure Korea Smart Bidets Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units) Figure India Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units) Figure India Smart Bidets Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units) Figure Southeast Asia Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units) Figure Southeast Asia Smart Bidets Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (K Units) Table ToTo Company Details Table ToTo Description and Business Overview Table ToTo Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table ToTo Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table ToTo Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table ToTo Recent Development Table Panasonic Company Details Table Panasonic Description and Business Overview Table Panasonic Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table Panasonic Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table Panasonic Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table Panasonic Recent Development Table Inax Company Details Table Inax Description and Business Overview Table Inax Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table Inax Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table Inax Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table Inax Recent Development Table Toshiba Company Details Table Toshiba Description and Business Overview Table Toshiba Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table Toshiba Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table Toshiba Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table Toshiba Recent Development Table Aisin Company Details Table Aisin Description and Business Overview Table Aisin Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table Aisin Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table Aisin Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table Aisin Recent Development Table Izen Company Details Table Izen Description and Business Overview Table Izen Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table Izen Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table Izen Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table Izen Recent Development Table HSPA Company Details Table HSPA Description and Business Overview Table HSPA Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table HSPA Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table HSPA Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table HSPA Recent Development Table Coway Company Details Table Coway Description and Business Overview Table Coway Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table Coway Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table Coway Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table Coway Recent Development Table Kohler Company Details Table Kohler Description and Business Overview Table Kohler Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table Kohler Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table Kohler Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table Kohler Recent Development Table American Standard Company Details Table American Standard Description and Business Overview Table American Standard Smart Bidets Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table American Standard Smart Bidets Sales Growth Rate (2016-2021) Table American Standard Smart Bidets Sales Market Share in Global Market Table American Standard Recent Development Table Brondell Company Details Table HomeTECH Company Details Table Villeroy & Boch Company Details Table Soojee Company Details Table Dongpeng Company Details Table JOMOO Company Details Table Ryoji Company Details Table Faenza Company Details Figure Smart Bidets Value Chain Table Smart Bidets Distributors List Table Smart Bidets Customers List Table Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast 2022-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Global Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast 2022-2027 (Million US$) Table Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast by Type 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast by Type 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2022-2027 Table Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast by Application 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast by Application 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2022-2027 Table Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast by Regions 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Forecast by Regions 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Global Smart Bidets Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2022-2027 Table Global Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast by Regions 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Global Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast by Regions 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Global Smart Bidets Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2022-2027 Figure United States Smart Bidets Sales Forecast 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure United States Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast 2022-2027 (Million US$) Figure European Union Smart Bidets Sales Forecast 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure European Union Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast 2022-2027 (Million US$) Figure China Smart Bidets Sales Forecast 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure China Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast 2022-2027 (Million US$) Figure Japan Smart Bidets Sales Forecast 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Japan Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast 2022-2027 (Million US$) Figure Korea Smart Bidets Sales Forecast 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Korea Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast 2022-2027 (Million US$) Figure India Smart Bidets Sales Forecast 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure India Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast 2022-2027 (Million US$) Figure Southeast Asia Smart Bidets Sales Forecast 2022-2027 (K Units) Figure Southeast Asia Smart Bidets Revenue Forecast 2022-2027 (Million US$) Table Research Programs/Design for This Report Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure Data Triangulation Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources