2021-06-20
Published Date
Automotive
Industry
120
Pages
The global Auto Wax market is growing with significant growth from last couple of years. In the year 2020, the market of Auto Wax was valued at USD XX Million and is expected to reach USD XXX million by the end of the year 2027. ,
The report is designed to offer very important and crucial information about the Auto Wax market and industry. For the purpose of this study, the market of Auto Wax has been segmented into type, application, regions and countries. Each segment of the report will provide a detailed analysis of the market in terms of quantitative and qualitative information, the report offers market revenue (USD Million), market share in %, market CAGR from 2021 to 2027.
The report provides a detailed qualitative analysis of the Auto Wax market which includes Market Drivers to explain the driving factors of the market and demand, Market Challenges to explain the restraints of the market and growth and Market Opportunities to explain the upcoming trends and opportunities left for the newcomers of the market and where can the existing companies focus in order to gain competitive advantage. The Auto Wax report also provides a detailed Porter's Five Forces, Micro and Macro Economic analysis which can help the readers and the users of the report to understand and draw a sound business decision.
The readers of the report will have a deep , insightful analysis that will help in understanding the market size, market share, CAGR, country specific analysis and market share for Auto Wax market.
Market Segmentation
One of the very important chapter of Auto Wax market report is competitive analysis. In this chapter, we have presented a detailed overview of the competition and have provided the market revenue of each company along with the market share.
The companies mentioned in the report are:
3M
Turtle Wax
SONAX
Mother's
Darent Wax
Micro Powders
Sasol Wax
Patentin
Meguiar's
SOFT99
Reed-Union
Henkel
Malco
Rinrei
BMD
Zymol
Basta
Car Brite
EuroChem
Bullsone
Marflo
Botny
Biaobang
Sinopec
Utron
Chemical Guys
Note: We can also add companies which are not part of the above list
Global Auto Wax Market Analysis By Type
Synthetic Waxes
Natural Waxes
In the year 2020, Synthetic Waxes segment had XX% of market share and in terms of value, the Synthetic Waxes market was valued at USD XX Million. , It is expected that Synthetic Waxes will have XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 and the incremental growth from 2021 till 2027 is expected to be USD XX Million.
Global Auto Wax Market Analysis By Application
Department Stores & Supermarkets
Automotive Parts Stores
Online Retailers
Department Stores & Supermarkets segment is expected to account for XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 from XX% in 2020. The Department Stores & Supermarkets segment is expected to grow at USD XX million by the end of year 2027.
The major regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, etc. The following regions has been further bifurcated into countries to provide an insightful analysis for the readers.
Global Auto Wax market: regional analysis, the major regions covered in the report are:
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Auto Wax Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Auto Wax Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications.
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ:
How big is the opportunity for the Auto Wax market
What are the recent industry development that can be implemented to generate additional revenue streams
Who are the major players operating in the Auto Wax market Which companies are the front runners
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Auto Wax
1.1 Definition of Auto Wax
1.2 Auto Wax Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Auto Wax Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
1.2.2 Synthetic Waxes
1.2.3 Natural Waxes
1.3 Auto Wax Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Auto Wax Consumption Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Department Stores & Supermarkets
1.3.3 Automotive Parts Stores
1.3.4 Online Retailers
1.4 Global Auto Wax Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Auto Wax Revenue (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Auto Wax Production (2016-2027)
1.4.3 North America Auto Wax Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.4 Europe Auto Wax Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.5 China Auto Wax Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.6 Japan Auto Wax Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Auto Wax Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.8 India Auto Wax Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Auto Wax
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Auto Wax
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Auto Wax
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Auto Wax
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Auto Wax Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Auto Wax
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Auto Wax Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Auto Wax Revenue Analysis
4.3 Auto Wax Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Auto Wax Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Auto Wax Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Auto Wax Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Auto Wax Revenue by Regions
5.2 Auto Wax Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Auto Wax Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Auto Wax Production
5.3.2 North America Auto Wax Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Auto Wax Import and Export
5.4 Europe Auto Wax Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Auto Wax Production
5.4.2 Europe Auto Wax Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Auto Wax Import and Export
5.5 China Auto Wax Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Auto Wax Production
5.5.2 China Auto Wax Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Auto Wax Import and Export
5.6 Japan Auto Wax Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Auto Wax Production
5.6.2 Japan Auto Wax Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Auto Wax Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Auto Wax Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Auto Wax Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Auto Wax Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Auto Wax Import and Export
5.8 India Auto Wax Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Auto Wax Production
5.8.2 India Auto Wax Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Auto Wax Import and Export
6 Auto Wax Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Auto Wax Production by Type
6.2 Global Auto Wax Revenue by Type
6.3 Auto Wax Price by Type
7 Auto Wax Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Auto Wax Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Auto Wax Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
8 Auto Wax Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 3M
8.1.1 3M Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 3M Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 3M Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Turtle Wax
8.2.1 Turtle Wax Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Turtle Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Turtle Wax Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 SONAX
8.3.1 SONAX Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 SONAX Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 SONAX Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Mother's
8.4.1 Mother's Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Mother's Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Mother's Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Darent Wax
8.5.1 Darent Wax Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Darent Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Darent Wax Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Micro Powders
8.6.1 Micro Powders Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Micro Powders Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Micro Powders Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Sasol Wax
8.7.1 Sasol Wax Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Sasol Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Sasol Wax Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Patentin
8.8.1 Patentin Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Patentin Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Patentin Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Meguiar's
8.9.1 Meguiar's Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Meguiar's Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Meguiar's Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 SOFT99
8.10.1 SOFT99 Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 SOFT99 Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 SOFT99 Auto Wax Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Reed-Union
8.12 Henkel
8.13 Malco
8.14 Rinrei
8.15 BMD
8.16 Zymol
8.17 Basta
8.18 Car Brite
8.19 EuroChem
8.20 Bullsone
8.21 Marflo
8.22 Botny
8.23 Biaobang
8.24 Sinopec
8.25 Utron
8.26 Chemical Guys
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Auto Wax Market
9.1 Global Auto Wax Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Auto Wax Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Auto Wax Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Auto Wax Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.2 Europe Auto Wax Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.3 China Auto Wax Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.4 Japan Auto Wax Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Auto Wax Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.6 India Auto Wax Forecast 2021-2027
9.3 Auto Wax Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Auto Wax Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Auto Wax Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Auto Wax
Table Global Auto Wax Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
Figure Global Auto Wax Production Market Share by Types in 2020
Figure Synthetic Waxes Product Picture
Figure Natural Waxes Product Picture
Table Global Auto Wax Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
Figure Global Auto Wax Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2020
Figure Department Stores & Supermarkets
Figure Automotive Parts Stores
Figure Online Retailers
Figure Global Auto Wax Revenue (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Global Auto Wax Production (K Units) (2016-2027)
Figure North America Auto Wax Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Europe Auto Wax Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure China Auto Wax Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Japan Auto Wax Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Auto Wax Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure India Auto Wax Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Table Auto Wax Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Auto Wax in 2020
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Auto Wax
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Auto Wax
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Auto Wax Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Auto Wax Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Auto Wax Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Auto Wax Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Auto Wax Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Auto Wax Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Auto Wax Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Auto Wax Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Auto Wax Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Auto Wax Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Auto Wax Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Auto Wax Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Auto Wax Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Auto Wax Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Auto Wax Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Auto Wax Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Auto Wax Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Auto Wax Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure North America Auto Wax Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure North America Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table North America Auto Wax Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Auto Wax Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Europe Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Europe Auto Wax Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Auto Wax Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Auto Wax Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Auto Wax Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Japan Auto Wax Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Auto Wax Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Auto Wax Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Auto Wax Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table India Auto Wax Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Auto Wax Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Auto Wax Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table 3M Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table 3M Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table 3M Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table 3M Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table 3M Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure 3M Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table 3M Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table Turtle Wax Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Turtle Wax Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Turtle Wax Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Turtle Wax Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Turtle Wax Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Turtle Wax Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Turtle Wax Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table SONAX Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table SONAX Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table SONAX Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table SONAX Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table SONAX Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure SONAX Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table SONAX Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table Mother's Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Mother's Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Mother's Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Mother's Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Mother's Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Mother's Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Mother's Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table Darent Wax Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Darent Wax Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Darent Wax Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Darent Wax Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Darent Wax Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Darent Wax Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Darent Wax Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table Micro Powders Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Micro Powders Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Micro Powders Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Micro Powders Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Micro Powders Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Micro Powders Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Micro Powders Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table Sasol Wax Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Sasol Wax Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Sasol Wax Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Sasol Wax Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Sasol Wax Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Sasol Wax Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Sasol Wax Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table Patentin Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Patentin Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Patentin Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Patentin Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Patentin Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Patentin Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Patentin Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table Meguiar's Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Meguiar's Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Meguiar's Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Meguiar's Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Meguiar's Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Meguiar's Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Meguiar's Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table SOFT99 Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table SOFT99 Auto Wax Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table SOFT99 Auto Wax Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table SOFT99 Auto Wax Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table SOFT99 Auto Wax Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure SOFT99 Auto Wax Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table SOFT99 Auto Wax Main Business and Markets Served
Table Reed-Union Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Henkel Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Malco Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Rinrei Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table BMD Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Zymol Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Basta Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Car Brite Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table EuroChem Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Bullsone Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Marflo Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Botny Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Biaobang Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Sinopec Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Utron Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Table Chemical Guys Auto Wax Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Auto Wax Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Auto Wax Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Auto Wax Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2021-2027
Figure North America Auto Wax Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure North America Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Auto Wax Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Europe Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure China Auto Wax Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure China Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Auto Wax Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Auto Wax Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure India Auto Wax Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Auto Wax Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Auto Wax by Type (2021-2027)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Auto Wax by Application (2021-2027)
Table Auto Wax Distributors List
Table Auto Wax Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources