2021-06-14
Published Date
Agriculture
Industry
105
Pages
The global Soil Conditioners market is growing with significant growth from last couple of years. In the year 2020, the market of Soil Conditioners was valued at USD XX Million and is expected to reach USD XXX million by the end of the year 2027. ,
The report is designed to offer very important and crucial information about the Soil Conditioners market and industry. For the purpose of this study, the market of Soil Conditioners has been segmented into type, application, regions and countries. Each segment of the report will provide a detailed analysis of the market in terms of quantitative and qualitative information, the report offers market revenue (USD Million), market share in %, market CAGR from 2021 to 2027.
The report provides a detailed qualitative analysis of the Soil Conditioners market which includes Market Drivers to explain the driving factors of the market and demand, Market Challenges to explain the restraints of the market and growth and Market Opportunities to explain the upcoming trends and opportunities left for the newcomers of the market and where can the existing companies focus in order to gain competitive advantage. The Soil Conditioners report also provides a detailed Porter's Five Forces, Micro and Macro Economic analysis which can help the readers and the users of the report to understand and draw a sound business decision.
The readers of the report will have a deep , insightful analysis that will help in understanding the market size, market share, CAGR, country specific analysis and market share for Soil Conditioners market.
Market Segmentation
One of the very important chapter of Soil Conditioners market report is competitive analysis. In this chapter, we have presented a detailed overview of the competition and have provided the market revenue of each company along with the market share.
The companies mentioned in the report are:
Dow Chemical
BASF
Akzo Nobel
Solvay
Clariant International
Croda International
Adeka
Vantage Specialty Chemicals
Eastman Chemical
Syngenta
Note: We can also add companies which are not part of the above list
Global Soil Conditioners Market Analysis By Type
Natural Soil Conditioners
Synthetic Soil Conditioners
In the year 2020, Natural Soil Conditioners segment had XX% of market share and in terms of value, the Natural Soil Conditioners market was valued at USD XX Million. , It is expected that Natural Soil Conditioners will have XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 and the incremental growth from 2021 till 2027 is expected to be USD XX Million.
Global Soil Conditioners Market Analysis By Application
Fruits & Vegetables
Cereals & Grains
Pulses
Fruits & Vegetables segment is expected to account for XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 from XX% in 2020. The Fruits & Vegetables segment is expected to grow at USD XX million by the end of year 2027.
The major regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, etc. The following regions has been further bifurcated into countries to provide an insightful analysis for the readers.
Global Soil Conditioners market: regional analysis, the major regions covered in the report are:
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Soil Conditioners Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Soil Conditioners Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications.
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ:
How big is the opportunity for the Soil Conditioners market
What are the recent industry development that can be implemented to generate additional revenue streams
Who are the major players operating in the Soil Conditioners market Which companies are the front runners
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Soil Conditioners
1.1 Definition of Soil Conditioners
1.2 Soil Conditioners Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
1.2.2 Natural Soil Conditioners
1.2.3 Synthetic Soil Conditioners
1.3 Soil Conditioners Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Soil Conditioners Consumption Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Fruits & Vegetables
1.3.3 Cereals & Grains
1.3.4 Pulses
1.4 Global Soil Conditioners Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Soil Conditioners Revenue (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Soil Conditioners Production (2016-2027)
1.4.3 North America Soil Conditioners Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.4 Europe Soil Conditioners Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.5 China Soil Conditioners Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.6 Japan Soil Conditioners Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.8 India Soil Conditioners Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Soil Conditioners
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Soil Conditioners
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Soil Conditioners
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Soil Conditioners
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Soil Conditioners Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Soil Conditioners
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Soil Conditioners Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Soil Conditioners Revenue Analysis
4.3 Soil Conditioners Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Soil Conditioners Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Soil Conditioners Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Soil Conditioners Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Soil Conditioners Revenue by Regions
5.2 Soil Conditioners Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Soil Conditioners Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Soil Conditioners Production
5.3.2 North America Soil Conditioners Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Soil Conditioners Import and Export
5.4 Europe Soil Conditioners Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Soil Conditioners Production
5.4.2 Europe Soil Conditioners Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Soil Conditioners Import and Export
5.5 China Soil Conditioners Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Soil Conditioners Production
5.5.2 China Soil Conditioners Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Soil Conditioners Import and Export
5.6 Japan Soil Conditioners Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Soil Conditioners Production
5.6.2 Japan Soil Conditioners Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Soil Conditioners Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Import and Export
5.8 India Soil Conditioners Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Soil Conditioners Production
5.8.2 India Soil Conditioners Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Soil Conditioners Import and Export
6 Soil Conditioners Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Soil Conditioners Production by Type
6.2 Global Soil Conditioners Revenue by Type
6.3 Soil Conditioners Price by Type
7 Soil Conditioners Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Soil Conditioners Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Soil Conditioners Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
8 Soil Conditioners Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Dow Chemical
8.1.1 Dow Chemical Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Dow Chemical Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Dow Chemical Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 BASF
8.2.1 BASF Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 BASF Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 BASF Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Akzo Nobel
8.3.1 Akzo Nobel Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Akzo Nobel Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Akzo Nobel Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Solvay
8.4.1 Solvay Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Solvay Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Solvay Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Clariant International
8.5.1 Clariant International Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Clariant International Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Clariant International Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Croda International
8.6.1 Croda International Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Croda International Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Croda International Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Adeka
8.7.1 Adeka Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Adeka Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Adeka Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Vantage Specialty Chemicals
8.8.1 Vantage Specialty Chemicals Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Vantage Specialty Chemicals Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Vantage Specialty Chemicals Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Eastman Chemical
8.9.1 Eastman Chemical Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Eastman Chemical Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Eastman Chemical Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Syngenta
8.10.1 Syngenta Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Syngenta Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Syngenta Soil Conditioners Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Soil Conditioners Market
9.1 Global Soil Conditioners Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Soil Conditioners Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Soil Conditioners Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Soil Conditioners Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.2 Europe Soil Conditioners Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.3 China Soil Conditioners Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.4 Japan Soil Conditioners Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.6 India Soil Conditioners Forecast 2021-2027
9.3 Soil Conditioners Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Soil Conditioners Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Soil Conditioners Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Soil Conditioners
Table Global Soil Conditioners Production (K MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
Figure Global Soil Conditioners Production Market Share by Types in 2020
Figure Natural Soil Conditioners Product Picture
Figure Synthetic Soil Conditioners Product Picture
Table Global Soil Conditioners Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
Figure Global Soil Conditioners Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2020
Figure Fruits & Vegetables
Figure Cereals & Grains
Figure Pulses
Figure Global Soil Conditioners Revenue (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Global Soil Conditioners Production (K MT) (2016-2027)
Figure North America Soil Conditioners Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Europe Soil Conditioners Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure China Soil Conditioners Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Japan Soil Conditioners Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure India Soil Conditioners Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Table Soil Conditioners Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Soil Conditioners in 2020
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Soil Conditioners
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Soil Conditioners
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Soil Conditioners Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Soil Conditioners Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Soil Conditioners Capacity (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Soil Conditioners Production (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Soil Conditioners Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Soil Conditioners Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Soil Conditioners Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Soil Conditioners Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Soil Conditioners Average Price (USD/MT) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Soil Conditioners Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT)
Table Global Soil Conditioners Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Soil Conditioners Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Soil Conditioners Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Soil Conditioners Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT)
Table Global Soil Conditioners Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure North America Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure North America Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table North America Soil Conditioners Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Europe Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Europe Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Europe Soil Conditioners Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure China Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure China Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Soil Conditioners Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Japan Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Japan Soil Conditioners Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure India Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure India Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table India Soil Conditioners Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Global Consumption Soil Conditioners Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Soil Conditioners Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Dow Chemical Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table Dow Chemical Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Dow Chemical Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Dow Chemical Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Dow Chemical Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Dow Chemical Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Dow Chemical Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Table BASF Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table BASF Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table BASF Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table BASF Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table BASF Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure BASF Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table BASF Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Table Akzo Nobel Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table Akzo Nobel Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Akzo Nobel Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Akzo Nobel Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Akzo Nobel Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Akzo Nobel Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Akzo Nobel Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Table Solvay Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table Solvay Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Solvay Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Solvay Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Solvay Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Solvay Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Solvay Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Table Clariant International Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table Clariant International Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Clariant International Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Clariant International Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Clariant International Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Clariant International Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Clariant International Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Table Croda International Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table Croda International Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Croda International Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Croda International Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Croda International Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Croda International Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Croda International Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Table Adeka Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table Adeka Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Adeka Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Adeka Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Adeka Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Adeka Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Adeka Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Table Vantage Specialty Chemicals Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table Vantage Specialty Chemicals Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Vantage Specialty Chemicals Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Vantage Specialty Chemicals Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Vantage Specialty Chemicals Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Vantage Specialty Chemicals Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Vantage Specialty Chemicals Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Table Eastman Chemical Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table Eastman Chemical Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Eastman Chemical Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Eastman Chemical Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Eastman Chemical Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Eastman Chemical Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Eastman Chemical Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Table Syngenta Soil Conditioners Production Sites and Area Served
Table Syngenta Soil Conditioners Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Syngenta Soil Conditioners Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Syngenta Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Syngenta Soil Conditioners Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Syngenta Soil Conditioners Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Syngenta Soil Conditioners Main Business and Markets Served
Figure Global Soil Conditioners Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Soil Conditioners Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Soil Conditioners Sales Price (USD/MT) Forecast 2021-2027
Figure North America Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure North America Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Europe Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure China Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure China Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Japan Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure India Soil Conditioners Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure India Soil Conditioners Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K MT) of Soil Conditioners by Type (2021-2027)
Table Global Consumption (K MT) of Soil Conditioners by Application (2021-2027)
Table Soil Conditioners Distributors List
Table Soil Conditioners Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources