The global Automation Solutions market is growing with significant growth from last couple of years. In the year 2020, the market of Automation Solutions was valued at USD XX Million and is expected to reach USD XXX million by the end of the year 2027. ,
The report is designed to offer very important and crucial information about the Automation Solutions market and industry. For the purpose of this study, the market of Automation Solutions has been segmented into type, application, regions and countries. Each segment of the report will provide a detailed analysis of the market in terms of quantitative and qualitative information, the report offers market revenue (USD Million), market share in %, market CAGR from 2021 to 2027.
The report provides a detailed qualitative analysis of the Automation Solutions market which includes Market Drivers to explain the driving factors of the market and demand, Market Challenges to explain the restraints of the market and growth and Market Opportunities to explain the upcoming trends and opportunities left for the newcomers of the market and where can the existing companies focus in order to gain competitive advantage. The Automation Solutions report also provides a detailed Porter's Five Forces, Micro and Macro Economic analysis which can help the readers and the users of the report to understand and draw a sound business decision.
The readers of the report will have a deep , insightful analysis that will help in understanding the market size, market share, CAGR, country specific analysis and market share for Automation Solutions market.
Market Segmentation
One of the very important chapter of Automation Solutions market report is competitive analysis. In this chapter, we have presented a detailed overview of the competition and have provided the market revenue of each company along with the market share.
The companies mentioned in the report are:
Koyo
IDEC
Honeywell
Hitachi
General Electric
FANUC
Emerson Electric
ABB
Yokogawa Electric
Siemens
Schneider Electric
Parsec Automation
Omron Corporation
Mitsubishi
Note: We can also add companies which are not part of the above list
Global Automation Solutions Market Analysis By Type
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
istributed Control System (DCS)
Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES)
In the year 2020, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) segment had XX% of market share and in terms of value, the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) market was valued at USD XX Million. , It is expected that Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) will have XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 and the incremental growth from 2021 till 2027 is expected to be USD XX Million.
Global Automation Solutions Market Analysis By Application
Pharmaceutical
Oil and Gas
Food and Beverage
Chemical
Automotive
Pharmaceutical segment is expected to account for XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 from XX% in 2020. The Pharmaceutical segment is expected to grow at USD XX million by the end of year 2027.
The major regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, etc. The following regions has been further bifurcated into countries to provide an insightful analysis for the readers.
Global Automation Solutions market: regional analysis, the major regions covered in the report are:
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Automation Solutions Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Automation Solutions Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications.
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ:
How big is the opportunity for the Automation Solutions market
What are the recent industry development that can be implemented to generate additional revenue streams
Who are the major players operating in the Automation Solutions market Which companies are the front runners
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Automation Solutions
1.1 Definition of Automation Solutions
1.2 Automation Solutions Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
1.2.2 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
1.2.3 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
1.2.4 istributed Control System (DCS)
1.2.5 Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES)
1.3 Automation Solutions Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Automation Solutions Consumption Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Pharmaceutical
1.3.3 Oil and Gas
1.3.4 Food and Beverage
1.3.5 Chemical
1.3.6 Automotive
1.4 Global Automation Solutions Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Automation Solutions Revenue (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Automation Solutions Production (2016-2027)
1.4.3 North America Automation Solutions Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.4 Europe Automation Solutions Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.5 China Automation Solutions Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.6 Japan Automation Solutions Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.8 India Automation Solutions Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automation Solutions
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automation Solutions
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Automation Solutions
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Automation Solutions
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Automation Solutions Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Automation Solutions
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Automation Solutions Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Automation Solutions Revenue Analysis
4.3 Automation Solutions Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Automation Solutions Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Automation Solutions Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Automation Solutions Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Automation Solutions Revenue by Regions
5.2 Automation Solutions Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Automation Solutions Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Automation Solutions Production
5.3.2 North America Automation Solutions Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Automation Solutions Import and Export
5.4 Europe Automation Solutions Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Automation Solutions Production
5.4.2 Europe Automation Solutions Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Automation Solutions Import and Export
5.5 China Automation Solutions Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Automation Solutions Production
5.5.2 China Automation Solutions Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Automation Solutions Import and Export
5.6 Japan Automation Solutions Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Automation Solutions Production
5.6.2 Japan Automation Solutions Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Automation Solutions Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Import and Export
5.8 India Automation Solutions Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Automation Solutions Production
5.8.2 India Automation Solutions Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Automation Solutions Import and Export
6 Automation Solutions Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Automation Solutions Production by Type
6.2 Global Automation Solutions Revenue by Type
6.3 Automation Solutions Price by Type
7 Automation Solutions Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Automation Solutions Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Automation Solutions Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
8 Automation Solutions Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Koyo
8.1.1 Koyo Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Koyo Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Koyo Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 IDEC
8.2.1 IDEC Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 IDEC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 IDEC Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Honeywell
8.3.1 Honeywell Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Honeywell Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Honeywell Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Hitachi
8.4.1 Hitachi Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Hitachi Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Hitachi Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 General Electric
8.5.1 General Electric Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 General Electric Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 General Electric Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 FANUC
8.6.1 FANUC Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 FANUC Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 FANUC Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Emerson Electric
8.7.1 Emerson Electric Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Emerson Electric Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Emerson Electric Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 ABB
8.8.1 ABB Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 ABB Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 ABB Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Yokogawa Electric
8.9.1 Yokogawa Electric Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Yokogawa Electric Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Yokogawa Electric Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Siemens
8.10.1 Siemens Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Siemens Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Siemens Automation Solutions Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Schneider Electric
8.12 Parsec Automation
8.13 Omron Corporation
8.14 Mitsubishi
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Automation Solutions Market
9.1 Global Automation Solutions Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Automation Solutions Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Automation Solutions Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Automation Solutions Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.2 Europe Automation Solutions Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.3 China Automation Solutions Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.4 Japan Automation Solutions Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.6 India Automation Solutions Forecast 2021-2027
9.3 Automation Solutions Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Automation Solutions Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Automation Solutions Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Automation Solutions
Table Global Automation Solutions Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
Figure Global Automation Solutions Production Market Share by Types in 2020
Figure Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Product Picture
Figure Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Product Picture
Figure istributed Control System (DCS) Product Picture
Figure Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) Product Picture
Table Global Automation Solutions Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
Figure Global Automation Solutions Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2020
Figure Pharmaceutical
Figure Oil and Gas
Figure Food and Beverage
Figure Chemical
Figure Automotive
Figure Global Automation Solutions Revenue (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Global Automation Solutions Production (K Units) (2016-2027)
Figure North America Automation Solutions Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Europe Automation Solutions Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure China Automation Solutions Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Japan Automation Solutions Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure India Automation Solutions Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Table Automation Solutions Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automation Solutions in 2020
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automation Solutions
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Automation Solutions
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Automation Solutions Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Automation Solutions Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Automation Solutions Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Automation Solutions Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Automation Solutions Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Automation Solutions Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Automation Solutions Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Automation Solutions Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Automation Solutions Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Automation Solutions Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Automation Solutions Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Automation Solutions Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Automation Solutions Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Automation Solutions Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Automation Solutions Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure North America Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure North America Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table North America Automation Solutions Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Europe Automation Solutions Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Automation Solutions Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Japan Automation Solutions Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table India Automation Solutions Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Automation Solutions Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Automation Solutions Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Koyo Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table Koyo Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Koyo Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Koyo Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Koyo Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Koyo Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Koyo Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table IDEC Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table IDEC Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table IDEC Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table IDEC Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table IDEC Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure IDEC Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table IDEC Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table Honeywell Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table Honeywell Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Honeywell Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Honeywell Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Honeywell Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Honeywell Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Honeywell Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table Hitachi Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table Hitachi Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Hitachi Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Hitachi Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Hitachi Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Hitachi Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Hitachi Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table General Electric Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table General Electric Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table General Electric Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table General Electric Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table General Electric Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure General Electric Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table General Electric Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table FANUC Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table FANUC Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table FANUC Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table FANUC Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table FANUC Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure FANUC Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table FANUC Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table Emerson Electric Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table Emerson Electric Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Emerson Electric Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Emerson Electric Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Emerson Electric Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Emerson Electric Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Emerson Electric Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table ABB Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table ABB Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table ABB Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table ABB Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table ABB Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure ABB Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table ABB Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table Yokogawa Electric Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table Yokogawa Electric Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Yokogawa Electric Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Yokogawa Electric Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Yokogawa Electric Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Yokogawa Electric Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Yokogawa Electric Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table Siemens Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table Siemens Automation Solutions Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Siemens Automation Solutions Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Siemens Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Siemens Automation Solutions Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Siemens Automation Solutions Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Siemens Automation Solutions Main Business and Markets Served
Table Schneider Electric Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table Parsec Automation Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table Omron Corporation Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Table Mitsubishi Automation Solutions Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Automation Solutions Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Automation Solutions Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Automation Solutions Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2021-2027
Figure North America Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure North America Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure China Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure China Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure India Automation Solutions Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Automation Solutions Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Automation Solutions by Type (2021-2027)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Automation Solutions by Application (2021-2027)
Table Automation Solutions Distributors List
Table Automation Solutions Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources