2021-06-14
Published Date
Consumer Discretionary
Industry
112
Pages
The global Personal Hygiene market is growing with significant growth from last couple of years. In the year 2020, the market of Personal Hygiene was valued at USD XX Million and is expected to reach USD XXX million by the end of the year 2027. ,
The report is designed to offer very important and crucial information about the Personal Hygiene market and industry. For the purpose of this study, the market of Personal Hygiene has been segmented into type, application, regions and countries. Each segment of the report will provide a detailed analysis of the market in terms of quantitative and qualitative information, the report offers market revenue (USD Million), market share in %, market CAGR from 2021 to 2027.
The report provides a detailed qualitative analysis of the Personal Hygiene market which includes Market Drivers to explain the driving factors of the market and demand, Market Challenges to explain the restraints of the market and growth and Market Opportunities to explain the upcoming trends and opportunities left for the newcomers of the market and where can the existing companies focus in order to gain competitive advantage. The Personal Hygiene report also provides a detailed Porter's Five Forces, Micro and Macro Economic analysis which can help the readers and the users of the report to understand and draw a sound business decision.
The readers of the report will have a deep , insightful analysis that will help in understanding the market size, market share, CAGR, country specific analysis and market share for Personal Hygiene market.
Market Segmentation
One of the very important chapter of Personal Hygiene market report is competitive analysis. In this chapter, we have presented a detailed overview of the competition and have provided the market revenue of each company along with the market share.
The companies mentioned in the report are:
Unilever
Johnson & Johnson
Carrefour
Reckitt Benckiser Group
Auchan
Publix
Costco
Helen of Troy
Proctor & Gamble Company
Kroger
Colgate-Palmolive Company
Note: We can also add companies which are not part of the above list
Global Personal Hygiene Market Analysis By Type
Soap
Anti-Perspirants & Deodorants
Bath & Shower Products
In the year 2020, Soap segment had XX% of market share and in terms of value, the Soap market was valued at USD XX Million. , It is expected that Soap will have XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 and the incremental growth from 2021 till 2027 is expected to be USD XX Million.
Global Personal Hygiene Market Analysis By Application
Online
Offline
Online segment is expected to account for XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 from XX% in 2020. The Online segment is expected to grow at USD XX million by the end of year 2027.
The major regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, etc. The following regions has been further bifurcated into countries to provide an insightful analysis for the readers.
Global Personal Hygiene market: regional analysis, the major regions covered in the report are:
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Personal Hygiene Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Personal Hygiene Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications.
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ:
How big is the opportunity for the Personal Hygiene market
What are the recent industry development that can be implemented to generate additional revenue streams
Who are the major players operating in the Personal Hygiene market Which companies are the front runners
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Personal Hygiene
1.1 Definition of Personal Hygiene
1.2 Personal Hygiene Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
1.2.2 Soap
1.2.3 Anti-Perspirants & Deodorants
1.2.4 Bath & Shower Products
1.3 Personal Hygiene Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Personal Hygiene Consumption Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Online
1.3.3 Offline
1.4 Global Personal Hygiene Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Personal Hygiene Revenue (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Personal Hygiene Production (2016-2027)
1.4.3 North America Personal Hygiene Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.4 Europe Personal Hygiene Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.5 China Personal Hygiene Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.6 Japan Personal Hygiene Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.8 India Personal Hygiene Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Personal Hygiene
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Personal Hygiene
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Personal Hygiene
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Personal Hygiene
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Personal Hygiene Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Personal Hygiene
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Personal Hygiene Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Personal Hygiene Revenue Analysis
4.3 Personal Hygiene Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Personal Hygiene Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Personal Hygiene Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Personal Hygiene Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Personal Hygiene Revenue by Regions
5.2 Personal Hygiene Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Personal Hygiene Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Personal Hygiene Production
5.3.2 North America Personal Hygiene Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Personal Hygiene Import and Export
5.4 Europe Personal Hygiene Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Personal Hygiene Production
5.4.2 Europe Personal Hygiene Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Personal Hygiene Import and Export
5.5 China Personal Hygiene Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Personal Hygiene Production
5.5.2 China Personal Hygiene Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Personal Hygiene Import and Export
5.6 Japan Personal Hygiene Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Personal Hygiene Production
5.6.2 Japan Personal Hygiene Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Personal Hygiene Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Import and Export
5.8 India Personal Hygiene Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Personal Hygiene Production
5.8.2 India Personal Hygiene Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Personal Hygiene Import and Export
6 Personal Hygiene Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Personal Hygiene Production by Type
6.2 Global Personal Hygiene Revenue by Type
6.3 Personal Hygiene Price by Type
7 Personal Hygiene Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Personal Hygiene Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Personal Hygiene Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
8 Personal Hygiene Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Unilever
8.1.1 Unilever Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Unilever Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Unilever Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Johnson & Johnson
8.2.1 Johnson & Johnson Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Johnson & Johnson Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Johnson & Johnson Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Carrefour
8.3.1 Carrefour Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Carrefour Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Carrefour Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Reckitt Benckiser Group
8.4.1 Reckitt Benckiser Group Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Reckitt Benckiser Group Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Reckitt Benckiser Group Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Auchan
8.5.1 Auchan Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Auchan Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Auchan Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Publix
8.6.1 Publix Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Publix Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Publix Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Costco
8.7.1 Costco Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Costco Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Costco Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Helen of Troy
8.8.1 Helen of Troy Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Helen of Troy Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Helen of Troy Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Proctor & Gamble Company
8.9.1 Proctor & Gamble Company Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Proctor & Gamble Company Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Proctor & Gamble Company Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Kroger
8.10.1 Kroger Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Kroger Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Kroger Personal Hygiene Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Colgate-Palmolive Company
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Personal Hygiene Market
9.1 Global Personal Hygiene Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Personal Hygiene Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Personal Hygiene Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Personal Hygiene Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.2 Europe Personal Hygiene Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.3 China Personal Hygiene Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.4 Japan Personal Hygiene Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.6 India Personal Hygiene Forecast 2021-2027
9.3 Personal Hygiene Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Personal Hygiene Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Personal Hygiene Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Personal Hygiene
Table Global Personal Hygiene Production (K MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
Figure Global Personal Hygiene Production Market Share by Types in 2020
Figure Soap Product Picture
Figure Anti-Perspirants & Deodorants Product Picture
Figure Bath & Shower Products Product Picture
Table Global Personal Hygiene Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
Figure Global Personal Hygiene Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2020
Figure Online
Figure Offline
Figure Global Personal Hygiene Revenue (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Global Personal Hygiene Production (K MT) (2016-2027)
Figure North America Personal Hygiene Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Europe Personal Hygiene Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure China Personal Hygiene Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Japan Personal Hygiene Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure India Personal Hygiene Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Table Personal Hygiene Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Personal Hygiene in 2020
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Personal Hygiene
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Personal Hygiene
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Personal Hygiene Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Personal Hygiene Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Personal Hygiene Capacity (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Personal Hygiene Production (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Personal Hygiene Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Personal Hygiene Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Personal Hygiene Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Personal Hygiene Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Personal Hygiene Average Price (USD/MT) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Personal Hygiene Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT)
Table Global Personal Hygiene Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Personal Hygiene Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Personal Hygiene Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Personal Hygiene Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT)
Table Global Personal Hygiene Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure North America Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure North America Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table North America Personal Hygiene Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Europe Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Europe Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Europe Personal Hygiene Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure China Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure China Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Personal Hygiene Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Japan Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Japan Personal Hygiene Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure India Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure India Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table India Personal Hygiene Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Global Consumption Personal Hygiene Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Personal Hygiene Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Unilever Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Unilever Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Unilever Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Unilever Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Unilever Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Unilever Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Unilever Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Johnson & Johnson Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Johnson & Johnson Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Johnson & Johnson Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Johnson & Johnson Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Johnson & Johnson Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Johnson & Johnson Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Johnson & Johnson Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Carrefour Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Carrefour Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Carrefour Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Carrefour Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Carrefour Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Carrefour Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Carrefour Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Reckitt Benckiser Group Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Reckitt Benckiser Group Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Reckitt Benckiser Group Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Reckitt Benckiser Group Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Reckitt Benckiser Group Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Reckitt Benckiser Group Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Reckitt Benckiser Group Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Auchan Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Auchan Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Auchan Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Auchan Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Auchan Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Auchan Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Auchan Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Publix Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Publix Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Publix Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Publix Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Publix Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Publix Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Publix Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Costco Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Costco Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Costco Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Costco Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Costco Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Costco Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Costco Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Helen of Troy Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Helen of Troy Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Helen of Troy Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Helen of Troy Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Helen of Troy Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Helen of Troy Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Helen of Troy Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Proctor & Gamble Company Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Proctor & Gamble Company Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Proctor & Gamble Company Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Proctor & Gamble Company Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Proctor & Gamble Company Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Proctor & Gamble Company Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Proctor & Gamble Company Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Kroger Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Table Kroger Personal Hygiene Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Kroger Personal Hygiene Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Kroger Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Kroger Personal Hygiene Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Kroger Personal Hygiene Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Kroger Personal Hygiene Main Business and Markets Served
Table Colgate-Palmolive Company Personal Hygiene Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Personal Hygiene Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Personal Hygiene Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Personal Hygiene Sales Price (USD/MT) Forecast 2021-2027
Figure North America Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure North America Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Europe Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure China Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure China Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Japan Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure India Personal Hygiene Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure India Personal Hygiene Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K MT) of Personal Hygiene by Type (2021-2027)
Table Global Consumption (K MT) of Personal Hygiene by Application (2021-2027)
Table Personal Hygiene Distributors List
Table Personal Hygiene Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources