The global Coriander Oil market is growing with significant growth from last couple of years and in the year 2020, the market of Coriander Oil was valued at USD XX Million and is expected to reach USD XXX million by the end of the year 2027. ,
The report is designed to offer very important and crucial information about the Coriander Oil market and industry. For the purpose of this study, the market of Coriander Oil has been segmented into type, application, regions and countries. Each segment of the report will provide a detailed analysis of the market and in terms of quantitative information, the report will offer market revenue (USD Million), market share in %, market CAGR from 2021 to 2027.
The report also provides a detailed qualitative analysis of the Coriander Oil market which includes Market Drivers to explain the driving factors of the market and demand, Market Challenges to explain the restraints of the market and growth and Market Opportunities to explain the upcoming trends and opportunities left for the newcomers of the market and where can the existing companies focus in order to gain competitive advantage. The Coriander Oil report also provides a detailed Porter's Five Forces, Micro and Macro Economic analysis which can help the readers and the users of the report to understand and draw a sound business decision.
The readers of the report will have a deep , insightful analysis that will help in understanding the market size, market share, CAGR, country specific analysis and market share for Coriander Oil market.
Market Segmentation
One of the very important chapter of Coriander Oil market report is competitive analysis. In this chapter, we have presented a detailed overview of the competition and have provided the market revenue of each company along with the market share.
The companies mentioned in the report are:
Albert Vieille
Berje
Elixens
Ernesto Vent s
Fleurchem
H.Interdonati, Inc
INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL
Penta Manufacturing Company
Robertet Group
Ultra international
Treatt Plc
PerfumersWorld
Ungerer & Company
Note: We can also add companies which are not part of the above list
Global Coriander Oil Market Analysis By Type
Therapeutic Grade
Others
In the year 2020, Therapeutic Grade segment had XX% of market share and in terms of value, the Therapeutic Grade market was valued at USD XX Million. , It is expected that Therapeutic Grade will have XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 and the incremental growth from 2021 till 2027 is expected to be USD XX Million.
Global Coriander Oil Market Analysis By Application
Medical
Spa & Relaxation
Others
Medical segment is expected to account for XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 from XX% in 2020. The Medical is expected to grow at USD XX million by the end of year 2027.
The major regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, etc. The following regions has been further bifurcated into countries to provide an insightful analysis for the readers.
Global Coriander Oil market: regional analysis, the major regions covered in the report are:
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Philippines
Vietnam
Central & South America
Brazil
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
GCC Countries
Egypt
South Africa
Report Includes:
- 120 Pages and Over 125 Tables and Figures
- An overview of the global Coriander Oil market ,
- Estimation of the market size and analyses of global market trends, with data from 2019, 2020, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2027
- Highlights of the new technological developments and discussion on for Coriander Oil Market
- Identification of market drivers, restraints and other forces impacting the global market and description of regulatory and environmental developments
- Comprehensive profiles of major organizations and contractors
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Coriander Oil
1.1 Definition of Coriander Oil
1.2 Coriander Oil Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
1.2.2 Therapeutic Grade
1.2.3 Others
1.3 Coriander Oil Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Coriander Oil Consumption Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Medical
1.3.3 Spa & Relaxation
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Coriander Oil Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Coriander Oil Revenue (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Coriander Oil Production (2016-2027)
1.4.3 North America Coriander Oil Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.4 Europe Coriander Oil Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.5 China Coriander Oil Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.6 Japan Coriander Oil Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.8 India Coriander Oil Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Coriander Oil
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Coriander Oil
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Coriander Oil
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Coriander Oil
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Coriander Oil Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Coriander Oil
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Coriander Oil Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Coriander Oil Revenue Analysis
4.3 Coriander Oil Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Coriander Oil Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Coriander Oil Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Coriander Oil Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Coriander Oil Revenue by Regions
5.2 Coriander Oil Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Coriander Oil Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Coriander Oil Production
5.3.2 North America Coriander Oil Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Coriander Oil Import and Export
5.4 Europe Coriander Oil Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Coriander Oil Production
5.4.2 Europe Coriander Oil Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Coriander Oil Import and Export
5.5 China Coriander Oil Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Coriander Oil Production
5.5.2 China Coriander Oil Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Coriander Oil Import and Export
5.6 Japan Coriander Oil Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Coriander Oil Production
5.6.2 Japan Coriander Oil Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Coriander Oil Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Import and Export
5.8 India Coriander Oil Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Coriander Oil Production
5.8.2 India Coriander Oil Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Coriander Oil Import and Export
6 Coriander Oil Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Coriander Oil Production by Type
6.2 Global Coriander Oil Revenue by Type
6.3 Coriander Oil Price by Type
7 Coriander Oil Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Coriander Oil Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Coriander Oil Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
8 Coriander Oil Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Albert Vieille
8.1.1 Albert Vieille Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Albert Vieille Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Albert Vieille Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Berje
8.2.1 Berje Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Berje Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Berje Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Elixens
8.3.1 Elixens Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Elixens Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Elixens Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Ernesto Vent s
8.4.1 Ernesto Vent s Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Ernesto Vent s Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Ernesto Vent s Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Fleurchem
8.5.1 Fleurchem Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Fleurchem Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Fleurchem Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 H.Interdonati, Inc
8.6.1 H.Interdonati, Inc Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 H.Interdonati, Inc Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 H.Interdonati, Inc Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL
8.7.1 INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Penta Manufacturing Company
8.8.1 Penta Manufacturing Company Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Penta Manufacturing Company Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Penta Manufacturing Company Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Robertet Group
8.9.1 Robertet Group Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Robertet Group Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Robertet Group Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 Ultra international
8.10.1 Ultra international Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 Ultra international Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 Ultra international Coriander Oil Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Treatt Plc
8.12 PerfumersWorld
8.13 Ungerer & Company
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Coriander Oil Market
9.1 Global Coriander Oil Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Coriander Oil Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Coriander Oil Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Coriander Oil Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.2 Europe Coriander Oil Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.3 China Coriander Oil Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.4 Japan Coriander Oil Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.6 India Coriander Oil Forecast 2021-2027
9.3 Coriander Oil Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Coriander Oil Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Coriander Oil Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Coriander Oil
Table Global Coriander Oil Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
Figure Global Coriander Oil Production Market Share by Types in 2020
Figure Therapeutic Grade Product Picture
Figure Others Product Picture
Table Global Coriander Oil Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
Figure Global Coriander Oil Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2020
Figure Medical
Figure Spa & Relaxation
Figure Others
Figure Global Coriander Oil Revenue (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Global Coriander Oil Production (K Units) (2016-2027)
Figure North America Coriander Oil Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Europe Coriander Oil Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure China Coriander Oil Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Japan Coriander Oil Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure India Coriander Oil Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Table Coriander Oil Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Coriander Oil in 2020
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Coriander Oil
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Coriander Oil
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Coriander Oil Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Coriander Oil Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Coriander Oil Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Coriander Oil Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Coriander Oil Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Coriander Oil Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Coriander Oil Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Coriander Oil Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Coriander Oil Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Coriander Oil Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Coriander Oil Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Coriander Oil Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Coriander Oil Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Coriander Oil Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Coriander Oil Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure North America Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure North America Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table North America Coriander Oil Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Europe Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Europe Coriander Oil Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Coriander Oil Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Japan Coriander Oil Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table India Coriander Oil Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Coriander Oil Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Coriander Oil Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Albert Vieille Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table Albert Vieille Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Albert Vieille Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Albert Vieille Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Albert Vieille Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Albert Vieille Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Albert Vieille Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table Berje Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table Berje Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Berje Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Berje Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Berje Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Berje Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Berje Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table Elixens Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table Elixens Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Elixens Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Elixens Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Elixens Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Elixens Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Elixens Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table Ernesto Vent s Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table Ernesto Vent s Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Ernesto Vent s Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Ernesto Vent s Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Ernesto Vent s Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Ernesto Vent s Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Ernesto Vent s Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table Fleurchem Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table Fleurchem Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Fleurchem Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Fleurchem Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Fleurchem Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Fleurchem Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Fleurchem Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table H.Interdonati, Inc Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table H.Interdonati, Inc Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table H.Interdonati, Inc Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table H.Interdonati, Inc Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table H.Interdonati, Inc Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure H.Interdonati, Inc Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table H.Interdonati, Inc Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table INDUKERN INTERNACIONAL Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table Penta Manufacturing Company Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table Penta Manufacturing Company Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Penta Manufacturing Company Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Penta Manufacturing Company Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Penta Manufacturing Company Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Penta Manufacturing Company Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Penta Manufacturing Company Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table Robertet Group Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table Robertet Group Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Robertet Group Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Robertet Group Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Robertet Group Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Robertet Group Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Robertet Group Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table Ultra international Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table Ultra international Coriander Oil Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Ultra international Coriander Oil Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Ultra international Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Ultra international Coriander Oil Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Ultra international Coriander Oil Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Ultra international Coriander Oil Main Business and Markets Served
Table Treatt Plc Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table PerfumersWorld Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Table Ungerer & Company Coriander Oil Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Coriander Oil Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Coriander Oil Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Coriander Oil Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2021-2027
Figure North America Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure North America Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Europe Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure China Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure China Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure India Coriander Oil Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Coriander Oil Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Coriander Oil by Type (2021-2027)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Coriander Oil by Application (2021-2027)
Table Coriander Oil Distributors List
Table Coriander Oil Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources