The global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion market is growing with significant growth from last couple of years and in the year 2020, the market of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion was valued at USD XX Million and is expected to reach USD XXX million by the end of the year 2027. ,
The report is designed to offer very important and crucial information about the Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion market and industry. For the purpose of this study, the market of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion has been segmented into type, application, regions and countries. Each segment of the report will provide a detailed analysis of the market and in terms of quantitative information, the report will offer market revenue (USD Million), market share in %, market CAGR from 2021 to 2027.
The report also provides a detailed qualitative analysis of the Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion market which includes Market Drivers to explain the driving factors of the market and demand, Market Challenges to explain the restraints of the market and growth and Market Opportunities to explain the upcoming trends and opportunities left for the newcomers of the market and where can the existing companies focus in order to gain competitive advantage. The Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion report also provides a detailed Porter's Five Forces, Micro and Macro Economic analysis which can help the readers and the users of the report to understand and draw a sound business decision.
The readers of the report will have a deep , insightful analysis that will help in understanding the market size, market share, CAGR, country specific analysis and market share for Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion market.
Market Segmentation
One of the very important chapter of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion market report is competitive analysis. In this chapter, we have presented a detailed overview of the competition and have provided the market revenue of each company along with the market share.
The companies mentioned in the report are:
Milacron Holdings
Coperion GmbH
Gabler GmbH Co. KG
Umang
Note: We can also add companies which are not part of the above list
Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Analysis By Type
Twin Screw Extruder
Single Screw Extruder
Laboratory Extruder
RAM Extruder
In the year 2020, Twin Screw Extruder segment had XX% of market share and in terms of value, the Twin Screw Extruder market was valued at USD XX Million. , It is expected that Twin Screw Extruder will have XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 and the incremental growth from 2021 till 2027 is expected to be USD XX Million.
Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Analysis By Application
Research Laboratory
Contract Manufacturing Organization
Pharma Companies
Research Laboratory segment is expected to account for XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 from XX% in 2020. The Research Laboratory is expected to grow at USD XX million by the end of year 2027.
The major regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, etc. The following regions has been further bifurcated into countries to provide an insightful analysis for the readers.
Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion market: regional analysis, the major regions covered in the report are:
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Philippines
Vietnam
Central & South America
Brazil
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
GCC Countries
Egypt
South Africa
Report Includes:
- 118 Pages and Over 125 Tables and Figures
- An overview of the global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion market ,
- Estimation of the market size and analyses of global market trends, with data from 2019, 2020, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2027
- Highlights of the new technological developments and discussion on for Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market
- Identification of market drivers, restraints and other forces impacting the global market and description of regulatory and environmental developments
- Comprehensive profiles of major organizations and contractors
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
1.1 Definition of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
1.2 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
1.2.2 Twin Screw Extruder
1.2.3 Single Screw Extruder
1.2.4 Laboratory Extruder
1.2.5 RAM Extruder
1.3 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Consumption Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Research Laboratory
1.3.3 Contract Manufacturing Organization
1.3.4 Pharma Companies
1.4 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production (2016-2027)
1.4.3 North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.4 Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.5 China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.6 Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.8 India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Analysis
4.3 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue by Regions
5.2 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production
5.3.2 North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Import and Export
5.4 Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production
5.4.2 Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Import and Export
5.5 China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production
5.5.2 China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Import and Export
5.6 Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production
5.6.2 Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Import and Export
5.8 India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production
5.8.2 India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Import and Export
6 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production by Type
6.2 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue by Type
6.3 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Price by Type
7 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
8 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Milacron Holdings
8.1.1 Milacron Holdings Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Milacron Holdings Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Milacron Holdings Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Coperion GmbH
8.2.1 Coperion GmbH Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Coperion GmbH Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Coperion GmbH Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Gabler GmbH Co. KG
8.3.1 Gabler GmbH Co. KG Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Gabler GmbH Co. KG Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Gabler GmbH Co. KG Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Umang
8.4.1 Umang Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Umang Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Umang Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market
9.1 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.2 Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.3 China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.4 Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.6 India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Forecast 2021-2027
9.3 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
Table Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Market Share by Types in 2020
Figure Twin Screw Extruder Product Picture
Figure Single Screw Extruder Product Picture
Figure Laboratory Extruder Product Picture
Figure RAM Extruder Product Picture
Table Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2020
Figure Research Laboratory
Figure Contract Manufacturing Organization
Figure Pharma Companies
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production (K Units) (2016-2027)
Figure North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion in 2020
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Milacron Holdings Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Sites and Area Served
Table Milacron Holdings Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Milacron Holdings Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Milacron Holdings Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Milacron Holdings Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Milacron Holdings Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Milacron Holdings Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Main Business and Markets Served
Table Coperion GmbH Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Sites and Area Served
Table Coperion GmbH Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Coperion GmbH Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Coperion GmbH Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Coperion GmbH Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Coperion GmbH Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Coperion GmbH Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Main Business and Markets Served
Table Gabler GmbH Co. KG Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Sites and Area Served
Table Gabler GmbH Co. KG Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Gabler GmbH Co. KG Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Gabler GmbH Co. KG Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Gabler GmbH Co. KG Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Gabler GmbH Co. KG Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Gabler GmbH Co. KG Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Main Business and Markets Served
Table Umang Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Sites and Area Served
Table Umang Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Umang Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Umang Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Umang Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Umang Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Umang Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Main Business and Markets Served
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2021-2027
Figure North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure North America Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Europe Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure China Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion by Type (2021-2027)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion by Application (2021-2027)
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Distributors List
Table Pharmaceutical Hot Melt Extrusion Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources