2021-04-25
Published Date
Automotive
Industry
112
Pages
The global Automotive Safety Device market is growing with significant growth from last couple of years and in the year 2020, the market of Automotive Safety Device was valued at USD XX Million and is expected to reach USD XXX million by the end of the year 2027. ,
The report is designed to offer very important and crucial information about the Automotive Safety Device market and industry. For the purpose of this study, the market of Automotive Safety Device has been segmented into type, application, regions and countries. Each segment of the report will provide a detailed analysis of the market and in terms of quantitative information, the report will offer market revenue (USD Million), market share in %, market CAGR from 2021 to 2027.
The report also provides a detailed qualitative analysis of the Automotive Safety Device market which includes Market Drivers to explain the driving factors of the market and demand, Market Challenges to explain the restraints of the market and growth and Market Opportunities to explain the upcoming trends and opportunities left for the newcomers of the market and where can the existing companies focus in order to gain competitive advantage. The Automotive Safety Device report also provides a detailed Porter's Five Forces, Micro and Macro Economic analysis which can help the readers and the users of the report to understand and draw a sound business decision.
The readers of the report will have a deep , insightful analysis that will help in understanding the market size, market share, CAGR, country specific analysis and market share for Automotive Safety Device market.
Market Segmentation
One of the very important chapter of Automotive Safety Device market report is competitive analysis. In this chapter, we have presented a detailed overview of the competition and have provided the market revenue of each company along with the market share.
The companies mentioned in the report are:
Autoliv
Takata
Toyoda Gosei
TRW Automotive
Continental
Delphi Automotive
East Joy Long Motor Airbag
FLIR Systems
Hella KGaA Hueck
Note: We can also add companies which are not part of the above list
Global Automotive Safety Device Market Analysis By Type
Active Safety Systems
Passive Safety Systems
In the year 2020, Active Safety Systems segment had XX% of market share and in terms of value, the Active Safety Systems market was valued at USD XX Million. , It is expected that Active Safety Systems will have XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 and the incremental growth from 2021 till 2027 is expected to be USD XX Million.
Global Automotive Safety Device Market Analysis By Application
Passenger Vehicle
Light Truck
Heavy Truck
Others
Passenger Vehicle segment is expected to account for XX% of market share by the end of year 2027 from XX% in 2020. The Passenger Vehicle is expected to grow at USD XX million by the end of year 2027.
The major regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, etc. The following regions has been further bifurcated into countries to provide an insightful analysis for the readers.
Global Automotive Safety Device market: regional analysis, the major regions covered in the report are:
North America
United States
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Philippines
Vietnam
Central & South America
Brazil
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
GCC Countries
Egypt
South Africa
Report Includes:
- 122 Pages and Over 125 Tables and Figures
- An overview of the global Automotive Safety Device market ,
- Estimation of the market size and analyses of global market trends, with data from 2019, 2020, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2027
- Highlights of the new technological developments and discussion on for Automotive Safety Device Market
- Identification of market drivers, restraints and other forces impacting the global market and description of regulatory and environmental developments
- Comprehensive profiles of major organizations and contractors
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Automotive Safety Device
1.1 Definition of Automotive Safety Device
1.2 Automotive Safety Device Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
1.2.2 Active Safety Systems
1.2.3 Passive Safety Systems
1.3 Automotive Safety Device Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Automotive Safety Device Consumption Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Passenger Vehicle
1.3.3 Light Truck
1.3.4 Heavy Truck
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Automotive Safety Device Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Automotive Safety Device Revenue (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Automotive Safety Device Production (2016-2027)
1.4.3 North America Automotive Safety Device Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.4 Europe Automotive Safety Device Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.5 China Automotive Safety Device Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.6 Japan Automotive Safety Device Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
1.4.8 India Automotive Safety Device Status and Prospect (2016-2027)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automotive Safety Device
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Safety Device
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Automotive Safety Device
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Automotive Safety Device
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Automotive Safety Device Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Automotive Safety Device
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Automotive Safety Device Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Automotive Safety Device Revenue Analysis
4.3 Automotive Safety Device Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Automotive Safety Device Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Automotive Safety Device Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Automotive Safety Device Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Automotive Safety Device Revenue by Regions
5.2 Automotive Safety Device Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Automotive Safety Device Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Automotive Safety Device Production
5.3.2 North America Automotive Safety Device Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Automotive Safety Device Import and Export
5.4 Europe Automotive Safety Device Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Automotive Safety Device Production
5.4.2 Europe Automotive Safety Device Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Automotive Safety Device Import and Export
5.5 China Automotive Safety Device Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Automotive Safety Device Production
5.5.2 China Automotive Safety Device Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Automotive Safety Device Import and Export
5.6 Japan Automotive Safety Device Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Automotive Safety Device Production
5.6.2 Japan Automotive Safety Device Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Automotive Safety Device Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Import and Export
5.8 India Automotive Safety Device Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Automotive Safety Device Production
5.8.2 India Automotive Safety Device Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Automotive Safety Device Import and Export
6 Automotive Safety Device Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Automotive Safety Device Production by Type
6.2 Global Automotive Safety Device Revenue by Type
6.3 Automotive Safety Device Price by Type
7 Automotive Safety Device Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Automotive Safety Device Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Automotive Safety Device Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
8 Automotive Safety Device Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Autoliv
8.1.1 Autoliv Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Autoliv Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Autoliv Automotive Safety Device Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Takata
8.2.1 Takata Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Takata Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Takata Automotive Safety Device Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Toyoda Gosei
8.3.1 Toyoda Gosei Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Toyoda Gosei Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Toyoda Gosei Automotive Safety Device Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 TRW Automotive
8.4.1 TRW Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 TRW Automotive Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 TRW Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Continental
8.5.1 Continental Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Continental Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Continental Automotive Safety Device Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Delphi Automotive
8.6.1 Delphi Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Delphi Automotive Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Delphi Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 East Joy Long Motor Airbag
8.7.1 East Joy Long Motor Airbag Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 East Joy Long Motor Airbag Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 East Joy Long Motor Airbag Automotive Safety Device Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 FLIR Systems
8.8.1 FLIR Systems Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 FLIR Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 FLIR Systems Automotive Safety Device Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Hella KGaA Hueck
8.9.1 Hella KGaA Hueck Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Hella KGaA Hueck Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Hella KGaA Hueck Automotive Safety Device Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Automotive Safety Device Market
9.1 Global Automotive Safety Device Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Automotive Safety Device Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Automotive Safety Device Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Automotive Safety Device Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.2 Europe Automotive Safety Device Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.3 China Automotive Safety Device Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.4 Japan Automotive Safety Device Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Forecast 2021-2027
9.2.6 India Automotive Safety Device Forecast 2021-2027
9.3 Automotive Safety Device Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Automotive Safety Device Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Automotive Safety Device Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Automotive Safety Device
Table Global Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2016-2027)
Figure Global Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share by Types in 2020
Figure Active Safety Systems Product Picture
Figure Passive Safety Systems Product Picture
Table Global Automotive Safety Device Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2016-2027)
Figure Global Automotive Safety Device Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2020
Figure Passenger Vehicle
Figure Light Truck
Figure Heavy Truck
Figure Others
Figure Global Automotive Safety Device Revenue (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Global Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units) (2016-2027)
Figure North America Automotive Safety Device Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Europe Automotive Safety Device Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure China Automotive Safety Device Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Japan Automotive Safety Device Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Figure India Automotive Safety Device Market Size (Million USD) (2016-2027)
Table Automotive Safety Device Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Automotive Safety Device in 2020
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Safety Device
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Automotive Safety Device
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Automotive Safety Device Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Automotive Safety Device Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Automotive Safety Device Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Automotive Safety Device Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Automotive Safety Device Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Automotive Safety Device Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Automotive Safety Device Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Automotive Safety Device Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Automotive Safety Device Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Automotive Safety Device Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Automotive Safety Device Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure North America Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure North America Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table North America Automotive Safety Device Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Europe Automotive Safety Device Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Automotive Safety Device Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Japan Automotive Safety Device Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table India Automotive Safety Device Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Automotive Safety Device Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Automotive Safety Device Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Autoliv Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
Table Autoliv Automotive Safety Device Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Autoliv Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Autoliv Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Autoliv Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Autoliv Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Autoliv Automotive Safety Device Main Business and Markets Served
Table Takata Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
Table Takata Automotive Safety Device Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Takata Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Takata Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Takata Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Takata Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Takata Automotive Safety Device Main Business and Markets Served
Table Toyoda Gosei Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
Table Toyoda Gosei Automotive Safety Device Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Toyoda Gosei Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Toyoda Gosei Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Toyoda Gosei Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Toyoda Gosei Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Toyoda Gosei Automotive Safety Device Main Business and Markets Served
Table TRW Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
Table TRW Automotive Automotive Safety Device Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table TRW Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table TRW Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table TRW Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure TRW Automotive Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table TRW Automotive Automotive Safety Device Main Business and Markets Served
Table Continental Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
Table Continental Automotive Safety Device Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Continental Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Continental Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Continental Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Continental Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Continental Automotive Safety Device Main Business and Markets Served
Table Delphi Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
Table Delphi Automotive Automotive Safety Device Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Delphi Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Delphi Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Delphi Automotive Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Delphi Automotive Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Delphi Automotive Automotive Safety Device Main Business and Markets Served
Table East Joy Long Motor Airbag Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
Table East Joy Long Motor Airbag Automotive Safety Device Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table East Joy Long Motor Airbag Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table East Joy Long Motor Airbag Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table East Joy Long Motor Airbag Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure East Joy Long Motor Airbag Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table East Joy Long Motor Airbag Automotive Safety Device Main Business and Markets Served
Table FLIR Systems Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
Table FLIR Systems Automotive Safety Device Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table FLIR Systems Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table FLIR Systems Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table FLIR Systems Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure FLIR Systems Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table FLIR Systems Automotive Safety Device Main Business and Markets Served
Table Hella KGaA Hueck Automotive Safety Device Production Sites and Area Served
Table Hella KGaA Hueck Automotive Safety Device Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Hella KGaA Hueck Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Hella KGaA Hueck Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Hella KGaA Hueck Automotive Safety Device Production Market Share (2016-2020)
Figure Hella KGaA Hueck Automotive Safety Device Revenue Market Share (2016-2020)
Table Hella KGaA Hueck Automotive Safety Device Main Business and Markets Served
Figure Global Automotive Safety Device Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Automotive Safety Device Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027
Figure Global Automotive Safety Device Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2021-2027
Figure North America Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure North America Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Europe Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure China Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure China Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Figure India Automotive Safety Device Production Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Automotive Safety Device Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Automotive Safety Device by Type (2021-2027)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Automotive Safety Device by Application (2021-2027)
Table Automotive Safety Device Distributors List
Table Automotive Safety Device Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources