The latest study on Driving Chains Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global Driving Chains Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Driving Chains and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS
G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY
DAYTON
RUSSOL LLC
IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG
Driving Chains Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Single Row of Chain
Double Row of Chain
Multiple Row of Chain
Driving Chains Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Automobile
Agricultural
Construction
Others
The Driving Chains Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Driving Chains Report:
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Driving Chains Market:
Driving Chains market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
Detailed information about Key Top Competitors in the Global Driving Chains Market
What is the expected Market size and growth rate of the Driving Chains market for the forecast period
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for Driving Chains market
How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets
What forces will shape the market going forward
Can I include additional segmentation / market segmentation
Driving Chains market global report answers all these questions and many more.
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Driving Chains Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Driving Chains Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ:
How big is the opportunity for the Driving Chains market
Which are the recent industry development that can be implemented to generate additional revenue streams
Who are the major players operating in the Driving Chains market Which companies are the front runners
What are the major end-use industries of Driving Chains market
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Driving Chains Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Single Row of Chain
1.3.3 Double Row of Chain
1.3.4 Multiple Row of Chain
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Driving Chains Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Automobile
1.4.3 Agricultural
1.4.4 Construction
1.4.5 Others
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Driving Chains Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Driving Chains Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Driving Chains Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Driving Chains Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Driving Chains Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Driving Chains Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Driving Chains Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Driving Chains Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Driving Chains Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Driving Chains Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Driving Chains Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Driving Chains Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Driving Chains Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Driving Chains Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Driving Chains Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Single Row of Chain Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Double Row of Chain Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Multiple Row of Chain Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Driving Chains Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Driving Chains Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Driving Chains Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Driving Chains Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Driving Chains Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Driving Chains Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Driving Chains Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Driving Chains Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Driving Chains Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Driving Chains Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Driving Chains Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Driving Chains Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Driving Chains Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Driving Chains Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Driving Chains Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Driving Chains Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Driving Chains Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Driving Chains Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Driving Chains Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 RUSSOL LLC
8.1.1 RUSSOL LLC Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Driving Chains
8.1.4 Driving Chains Product Introduction
8.1.5 RUSSOL LLC Recent Development
8.2 Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS
8.2.1 Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Driving Chains
8.2.4 Driving Chains Product Introduction
8.2.5 Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS Recent Development
8.3 IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG
8.3.1 IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Driving Chains
8.3.4 Driving Chains Product Introduction
8.3.5 IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG Recent Development
8.4 G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY
8.4.1 G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Driving Chains
8.4.4 Driving Chains Product Introduction
8.4.5 G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY Recent Development
8.5 DAYTON
8.5.1 DAYTON Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Driving Chains
8.5.4 Driving Chains Product Introduction
8.5.5 DAYTON Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Driving Chains Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Driving Chains Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Driving Chains Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Driving Chains Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Driving Chains Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Driving Chains Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Driving Chains Sales Channels
10.2.2 Driving Chains Distributors
10.3 Driving Chains Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Driving Chains Product Picture
Table Driving Chains Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Driving Chains Covered in This Report
Table Global Driving Chains Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2020-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Driving Chains Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Single Row of Chain Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Single Row of Chain
Figure Double Row of Chain Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Double Row of Chain
Figure Multiple Row of Chain Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Multiple Row of Chain
Table Global Driving Chains Market Share by Application 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Automobile Use Case
Figure Agricultural Use Case
Figure Construction Use Case
Figure Others Use Case
Figure Driving Chains Report Years Considered
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Driving Chains Capacity 2016-2027 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Driving Chains Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Driving Chains Price 2016-2027 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Driving Chains Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Growth Rate of Key Regions 2020-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Driving Chains Market Share for of Regions 2020-2027 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Driving Chains Capacity by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Table Global Driving Chains Production by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Production Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Driving Chains Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (Million USD)
Table Driving Chains Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Driving Chains Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Driving Chains Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Driving Chains Price by Manufacturers 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Driving Chains Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Driving Chains Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Driving Chains Market
Table Key Manufacturers Driving Chains Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Single Row of Chain Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Double Row of Chain Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Multiple Row of Chain Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Driving Chains Production by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Production Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Driving Chains Production Value by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Driving Chains Production Value Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Value Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Value Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Driving Chains Ex-factory Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Driving Chains Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Consumption Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Consumption Driving Chains Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Global Driving Chains Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Driving Chains Production Value by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Driving Chains Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table United States Driving Chains Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure United States Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table United States Driving Chains Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Driving Chains Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure European Union Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table European Union Driving Chains Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Driving Chains Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Driving Chains Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Korea Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure India Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Driving Chains Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Driving Chains Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Driving Chains Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure United States Driving Chains Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Driving Chains Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Driving Chains Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Driving Chains Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Driving Chains Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table European Union Driving Chains Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure China Driving Chains Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Driving Chains Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Driving Chains Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Driving Chains Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Driving Chains Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Driving Chains Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Driving Chains Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Japan Driving Chains Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Driving Chains Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Driving Chains Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Driving Chains Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table RUSSOL LLC Company Details
Table RUSSOL LLC Description and Business Overview
Table RUSSOL LLC Driving Chains Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table RUSSOL LLC Driving Chains Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table RUSSOL LLC Driving Chains Production Market Share in Global Market
Table RUSSOL LLC Recent Development
Table Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS Company Details
Table Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS Description and Business Overview
Table Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS Driving Chains Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS Driving Chains Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS Driving Chains Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Ditton Driving Chain Factory JS Recent Development
Table IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG Company Details
Table IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG Description and Business Overview
Table IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG Driving Chains Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG Driving Chains Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG Driving Chains Production Market Share in Global Market
Table IWIS ANTRIEBSSYSTEME GMBH & CO.KG Recent Development
Table G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY Company Details
Table G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY Description and Business Overview
Table G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY Driving Chains Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY Driving Chains Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY Driving Chains Production Market Share in Global Market
Table G. KABRANIS S.A. MOTOWAY Recent Development
Table DAYTON Company Details
Table DAYTON Description and Business Overview
Table DAYTON Driving Chains Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table DAYTON Driving Chains Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table DAYTON Driving Chains Production Market Share in Global Market
Table DAYTON Recent Development
Table Global Driving Chains Capacity, Production Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Driving Chains Capacity Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Value Forecast 2020-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Driving Chains Production Value Forecast 2020-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Driving Chains Production Forecast by Regions 2020-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2020-2027
Table Global Driving Chains Production Value Forecast by Regions 2020-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Driving Chains Consumption Forecast by Regions 2020-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2020-2027
Table United States Driving Chains Production and Production Value Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Driving Chains Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Table United States Driving Chains Production Value Forecast 2020-2027 (Million US$)
Figure United States Driving Chains Consumption Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Driving Chains Production and Production Value Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Driving Chains Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Driving Chains Production Value Forecast 2020-2027 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Driving Chains Consumption Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Table China Driving Chains Production and Production Value Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Driving Chains Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Table China Driving Chains Production Value Forecast 2020-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Driving Chains Consumption Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Driving Chains Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Driving Chains Consumption Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Driving Chains Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Driving Chains Consumption Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Driving Chains Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Driving Chains Consumption Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Driving Chains Production Growth Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Driving Chains Consumption Forecast 2020-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Driving Chains Production Forecast by Type 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Forecast by Type 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2020-2027
Table Global Driving Chains Production Value Forecast by Type 2020-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Value Forecast by Type 2020-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Driving Chains Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2020-2027
Table Global Driving Chains Consumption Forecast by Application 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Driving Chains Consumption Forecast by Application 2020-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Driving Chains Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2020-2027
Figure Driving Chains Value Chain
Table Driving Chains Distributors List
Table Driving Chains Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources