The latest study on Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
Western Digital Technologies
Kingston Technology
Seagate Technology
CA Technologies
HP
IBM
Toshiba
Intel
NET App
Cisco
Dell EMC
Hitachi Data Services
Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Direct Attached Storage
Cloud Attached Storage
Network Attached Storage
Other
Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Entertainment & Media
Public Sector
Healthcare & Life Sciences
Financial Services
Other
Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):
The Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Report:
United States
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India
Central & South America
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market:
Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
Detailed information about Key Top Competitors in the Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market
What is the expected Market size and growth rate of the Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) market for the forecast period
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) market
How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets
What forces will shape the market going forward
Can I include additional segmentation / market segmentation
Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) market global report answers all these questions and many more.
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements and acquisitions in the market
Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ:
How big is the opportunity for the Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) market
Which are the recent industry development that can be implemented to generate additional revenue streams
Who are the major players operating in the Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) market Which companies are the front runners
What are the major end-use industries of Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) market
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Key Market Segments
1.3 Players Covered
1.4 Market Analysis by Type
1.4.1 Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Direct Attached Storage
1.4.3 Cloud Attached Storage
1.4.4 Network Attached Storage
1.4.5 Other
1.5 Market by Application
1.5.1 Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Application (2016-2027)
1.5.2 Entertainment & Media
1.5.3 Public Sector
1.5.4 Healthcare & Life Sciences
1.5.5 Financial Services
1.5.6 Other
1.6 Study Objectives
1.7 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size
2.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Growth Trends by Regions
2.2.1 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Regions (2016-2027)
2.2.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Regions (2016-2020)
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
2.3.3 Market Opportunities
3 Market Share by Key Players
3.1 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.1.2 Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.1.3 Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Key Players Head office and Area Served
3.3 Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Product/Solution/Service
3.4 Date of Enter into Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market
3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Breakdown Data by Type and Application
4.1 Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2016-2020)
5 United States
5.1 United States Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size (2016-2020)
5.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Key Players in United States
5.3 United States Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type
5.4 United States Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application
6 Europe
6.1 Europe Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size (2016-2020)
6.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Key Players in Europe
6.3 Europe Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type
6.4 Europe Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application
7 China
7.1 China Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size (2016-2020)
7.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Key Players in China
7.3 China Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type
7.4 China Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application
8 Japan
8.1 Japan Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size (2016-2020)
8.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Key Players in Japan
8.3 Japan Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type
8.4 Japan Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application
9 Southeast Asia
9.1 Southeast Asia Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size (2016-2020)
9.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Key Players in Southeast Asia
9.3 Southeast Asia Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type
9.4 Southeast Asia Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application
10 India
10.1 India Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size (2016-2020)
10.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Key Players in India
10.3 India Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type
10.4 India Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application
11 Central & South America
11.1 Central & South America Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size (2016-2020)
11.2 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Key Players in Central & South America
11.3 Central & South America Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type
11.4 Central & South America Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application
12 International Players Profiles
12.1 Western Digital Technologies
12.1.1 Western Digital Technologies Company Details
12.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.1.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.1.4 Western Digital Technologies Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.1.5 Western Digital Technologies Recent Development
12.2 Kingston Technology
12.2.1 Kingston Technology Company Details
12.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.2.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.2.4 Kingston Technology Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.2.5 Kingston Technology Recent Development
12.3 Seagate Technology
12.3.1 Seagate Technology Company Details
12.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.3.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.3.4 Seagate Technology Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.3.5 Seagate Technology Recent Development
12.4 CA Technologies
12.4.1 CA Technologies Company Details
12.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.4.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.4.4 CA Technologies Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.4.5 CA Technologies Recent Development
12.5 HP
12.5.1 HP Company Details
12.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.5.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.5.4 HP Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.5.5 HP Recent Development
12.6 IBM
12.6.1 IBM Company Details
12.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.6.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.6.4 IBM Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.6.5 IBM Recent Development
12.7 Toshiba
12.7.1 Toshiba Company Details
12.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.7.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.7.4 Toshiba Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.7.5 Toshiba Recent Development
12.8 Intel
12.8.1 Intel Company Details
12.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.8.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.8.4 Intel Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.8.5 Intel Recent Development
12.9 NET App
12.9.1 NET App Company Details
12.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.9.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.9.4 NET App Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.9.5 NET App Recent Development
12.10 Cisco
12.10.1 Cisco Company Details
12.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
12.10.3 Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Introduction
12.10.4 Cisco Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
12.10.5 Cisco Recent Development
12.11 Dell EMC
12.12 Hitachi Data Services
13 Market Forecast 2021-2027
13.1 Market Size Forecast by Regions
13.2 United States
13.3 Europe
13.4 China
13.5 Japan
13.6 Southeast Asia
13.7 India
13.8 Central & South America
13.9 Market Size Forecast by Product (2021-2027)
13.10 Market Size Forecast by Application (2021-2027)
14 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
15 Appendix
15.1 Research Methodology
15.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.1.2 Data Source
15.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.1.2.2 Primary Sources
15.2 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Table Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Key Market Segments
Table Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Covered
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Market Share by Type 2016-2027
Figure Direct Attached Storage Figures
Table Key Players of Direct Attached Storage
Figure Cloud Attached Storage Figures
Table Key Players of Cloud Attached Storage
Figure Network Attached Storage Figures
Table Key Players of Network Attached Storage
Figure Other Figures
Table Key Players of Other
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Growth by Application 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Entertainment & Media Case Studies
Figure Public Sector Case Studies
Figure Healthcare & Life Sciences Case Studies
Figure Financial Services Case Studies
Figure Other Case Studies
Figure Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Report Years Considered
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size and Growth Rate 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Regions 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Regions 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Regions 2019
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Players Head office and Area Served
Table Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Product/Solution/Service
Table Date of Enter into Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure United States Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table United States Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue (2019-2020) (Million US$)
Table United States Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share (2019-2020)
Table United States Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table United States Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Table United States Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table United States Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Europe Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Europe Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue (2019-2020) (Million US$)
Table Europe Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share (2019-2020)
Table Europe Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Europe Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Table Europe Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Europe Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure China Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table China Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue (2019-2020) (Million US$)
Table China Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share (2019-2020)
Table China Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table China Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Table China Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table China Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Japan Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Japan Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue (2019-2020) (Million US$)
Table Japan Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share (2019-2020)
Table Japan Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Japan Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Table Japan Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Japan Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Southeast Asia Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Southeast Asia Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue (2019-2020) (Million US$)
Table Southeast Asia Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share (2019-2020)
Table Southeast Asia Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Southeast Asia Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Table Southeast Asia Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Southeast Asia Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure India Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table India Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue (2019-2020) (Million US$)
Table India Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share (2019-2020)
Table India Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table India Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Table India Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table India Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Central & South America Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Revenue (2019-2020) (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Key Players Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share (2019-2020)
Table Central & South America Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Table Central & South America Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Central & South America Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Western Digital Technologies Company Details
Table Western Digital Technologies Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Figure Western Digital Technologies Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table Western Digital Technologies Recent Development
Table Kingston Technology Company Details
Table Kingston Technology Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)(Million US$)
Figure Kingston Technology Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table Kingston Technology Recent Development
Table Seagate Technology Company Details
Table Seagate Technology Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)(Million US$)
Figure Seagate Technology Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table Seagate Technology Recent Development
Table CA Technologies Company Details
Table CA Technologies Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)(Million US$)
Figure CA Technologies Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table CA Technologies Recent Development
Table HP Company Details
Table HP Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)(Million US$)
Figure HP Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table HP Recent Development
Table IBM Company Details
Table IBM Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)(Million US$)
Figure IBM Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table IBM Recent Development
Table Toshiba Company Details
Table Toshiba Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)(Million US$)
Figure Toshiba Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table Toshiba Recent Development
Table Intel Company Details
Table Intel Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)(Million US$)
Figure Intel Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table Intel Recent Development
Table NET App Company Details
Table NET App Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)(Million US$)
Figure NET App Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table NET App Recent Development
Table Cisco Company Details
Table Cisco Revenue in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)(Million US$)
Figure Cisco Revenue Growth Rate in Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Business (2016-2020)
Table Cisco Recent Development
Table Dell EMC Company Details
Table Hitachi Data Services Company Details
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Regions (Million US$) 2021-2027
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Share by Regions (2021-2027)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Share by Regions in 2027
Figure United States Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Forecast (2021-2027)(Million USD)
Figure Europe Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Forecast (2021-2027)(Million USD)
Figure China Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Forecast (2021-2027)(Million USD)
Figure Japan Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Forecast (2021-2027)(Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Forecast (2021-2027)(Million USD)
Figure India Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Forecast (2021-2027)(Million USD)
Figure Central & South America Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size Forecast (2021-2027)(Million USD)
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Product (2021-2027) (Million US$)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Product (2021-2027)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Product in 2027
Table Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2021-2027) (Million US$)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application (2021-2027)
Figure Global Personal and Entry Level Storage (PELS) Market Size by Application in 2027
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources