The latest study on Matcha Powder Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global Matcha Powder Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Matcha Powder and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
Aiya
Marushichi Seicha
ShaoXing Royal Tea
ITOEn
Marukyu Koyamaen
ujimatcha
Yanoen
AOI Seicha
DoMatcha
Matcha Powder Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Drinking-use Matcha Tea
Additive-use Matcha Tea
Matcha Powder Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Drinking Tea
Pastry
Ice Cream
Beverage
Matcha Powder Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):
The Matcha Powder Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Matcha Powder Report:
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Matcha Powder Market:
Matcha Powder market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
Detailed information about Key Top Competitors in the Global Matcha Powder Market
What is the expected Market size and growth rate of the Matcha Powder market for the forecast period
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for Matcha Powder market
How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets
What forces will shape the market going forward
Can I include additional segmentation / market segmentation
Matcha Powder market global report answers all these questions and many more.
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Matcha Powder Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Matcha Powder Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Matcha Powder Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2021-2027)
1.3.2 Drinking-use Matcha Tea
1.3.3 Additive-use Matcha Tea
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Matcha Powder Market Share by Application (2021-2027)
1.4.2 Drinking Tea
1.4.3 Pastry
1.4.4 Ice Cream
1.4.5 Beverage
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Matcha Powder Market Size
2.1.1 Global Matcha Powder Revenue 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Matcha Powder Sales 2016-2027
2.2 Matcha Powder Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Matcha Powder Sales by Regions 2016-2020
2.2.2 Global Matcha Powder Revenue by Regions 2016-2020
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Matcha Powder Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Matcha Powder Sales by Manufacturers 2016-2020
3.1.2 Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2016-2020
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Matcha Powder Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.2.2 Matcha Powder Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.2.3 Global Matcha Powder Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Matcha Powder Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Matcha Powder Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Matcha Powder Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Matcha Powder Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type
4.1.1 Drinking-use Matcha Tea Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.1.2 Additive-use Matcha Tea Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Matcha Powder Revenue Market Share by Type
4.4 Matcha Powder Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Matcha Powder Sales by Application
6 United States
6.1 United States Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Company
6.2 United States Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Type
6.3 United States Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Application
7 European Union
7.1 European Union Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Company
7.2 European Union Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Type
7.3 European Union Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Application
8 China
8.1 China Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Company
8.2 China Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Type
8.3 China Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Application
9 Rest of World
9.1 Rest of World Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Company
9.2 Rest of World Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Type
9.3 Rest of World Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Application
9.4 Rest of World Matcha Powder Breakdown Data by Countries
9.4.1 Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales by Countries
9.4.2 Rest of World Matcha Powder Revenue by Countries
9.4.3 Japan
9.4.4 Korea
9.4.5 India
9.4.6 Southeast Asia
10 Company Profiles
10.1 Aiya
10.1.1 Aiya Company Details
10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Matcha Powder
10.1.4 Matcha Powder Product Introduction
10.1.5 Aiya Recent Development
10.2 Marushichi Seicha
10.2.1 Marushichi Seicha Company Details
10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Matcha Powder
10.2.4 Matcha Powder Product Introduction
10.2.5 Marushichi Seicha Recent Development
10.3 ShaoXing Royal Tea
10.3.1 ShaoXing Royal Tea Company Details
10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Matcha Powder
10.3.4 Matcha Powder Product Introduction
10.3.5 ShaoXing Royal Tea Recent Development
10.4 ITOEn
10.4.1 ITOEn Company Details
10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Matcha Powder
10.4.4 Matcha Powder Product Introduction
10.4.5 ITOEn Recent Development
10.5 Marukyu Koyamaen
10.5.1 Marukyu Koyamaen Company Details
10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Matcha Powder
10.5.4 Matcha Powder Product Introduction
10.5.5 Marukyu Koyamaen Recent Development
10.6 ujimatcha
10.6.1 ujimatcha Company Details
10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Matcha Powder
10.6.4 Matcha Powder Product Introduction
10.6.5 ujimatcha Recent Development
10.7 Yanoen
10.7.1 Yanoen Company Details
10.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Matcha Powder
10.7.4 Matcha Powder Product Introduction
10.7.5 Yanoen Recent Development
10.8 AOI Seicha
10.8.1 AOI Seicha Company Details
10.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Matcha Powder
10.8.4 Matcha Powder Product Introduction
10.8.5 AOI Seicha Recent Development
10.9 DoMatcha
10.9.1 DoMatcha Company Details
10.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Matcha Powder
10.9.4 Matcha Powder Product Introduction
10.9.5 DoMatcha Recent Development
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Matcha Powder Sales Channels
11.2.2 Matcha Powder Distributors
11.3 Matcha Powder Customers
12 Market Forecast
12.1 Global Matcha Powder Sales and Revenue Forecast 2021-2027
12.2 Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast by Application
12.4 Matcha Powder Forecast by Regions
12.4.1 Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
12.4.2 Global Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
12.5 United States Market Forecast
12.6 European Union Market Forecast
12.7 China Market Forecast
12.8 Rest of World
12.8.1 Japan
12.8.2 Korea
12.8.3 India
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Matcha Powder Product Picture
Table Matcha Powder Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Matcha Powder Covered in This Report
Table Global Matcha Powder Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2021-2027 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Drinking-use Matcha Tea Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Drinking-use Matcha Tea
Figure Additive-use Matcha Tea Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Additive-use Matcha Tea
Table Global Matcha Powder Market Share by Application 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Drinking Tea Use Case
Figure Pastry Use Case
Figure Ice Cream Use Case
Figure Beverage Use Case
Figure Matcha Powder Report Years Considered
Figure Global Matcha Powder Market Size 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales 2016-2020 (K MT)
Table Global Matcha Powder Market Size by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT)
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Matcha Powder Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Global Matcha Powder Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Matcha Powder Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Matcha Powder Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Matcha Powder Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (Million USD)
Table Matcha Powder Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Matcha Powder Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Matcha Powder Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Manufacturers Matcha Powder Price (2016-2020) (USD/MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Matcha Powder Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Matcha Powder Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Matcha Powder Market
Table Key Manufacturers Matcha Powder Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Drinking-use Matcha Tea Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Additive-use Matcha Tea Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Matcha Powder Revenue by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Matcha Powder Revenue Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Matcha Powder Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/MT)
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Matcha Powder Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Matcha Powder Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure United States Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure United States Matcha Powder Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table United States Matcha Powder Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table United States Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure United States Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table United States Matcha Powder Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table United States Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure United States Matcha Powder Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Matcha Powder Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table United States Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure United States Matcha Powder Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure European Union Matcha Powder Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table European Union Matcha Powder Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table European Union Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure European Union Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table European Union Matcha Powder Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table European Union Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 European Union Matcha Powder Market Share by Type
Table European Union Matcha Powder Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table European Union Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 European Union Matcha Powder Market Share by Application
Figure China Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure China Matcha Powder Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table China Matcha Powder Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table China Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure China Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table China Matcha Powder Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table China Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure China Matcha Powder Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Matcha Powder Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table China Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure China Matcha Powder Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Matcha Powder Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Matcha Powder Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Matcha Powder Market Share by Application in 2020
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales by Countries (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Matcha Powder Sales Market Share by Countries in 2020
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Revenue by Countries (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Matcha Powder Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Matcha Powder Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2020
Figure Japan Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Japan Matcha Powder Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Korea Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Korea Matcha Powder Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure India Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure India Matcha Powder Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Matcha Powder Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Aiya Company Details
Table Aiya Description and Business Overview
Table Aiya Matcha Powder Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Aiya Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Aiya Matcha Powder Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Aiya Recent Development
Table Marushichi Seicha Company Details
Table Marushichi Seicha Description and Business Overview
Table Marushichi Seicha Matcha Powder Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Marushichi Seicha Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Marushichi Seicha Matcha Powder Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Marushichi Seicha Recent Development
Table ShaoXing Royal Tea Company Details
Table ShaoXing Royal Tea Description and Business Overview
Table ShaoXing Royal Tea Matcha Powder Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table ShaoXing Royal Tea Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table ShaoXing Royal Tea Matcha Powder Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table ShaoXing Royal Tea Recent Development
Table ITOEn Company Details
Table ITOEn Description and Business Overview
Table ITOEn Matcha Powder Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table ITOEn Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table ITOEn Matcha Powder Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table ITOEn Recent Development
Table Marukyu Koyamaen Company Details
Table Marukyu Koyamaen Description and Business Overview
Table Marukyu Koyamaen Matcha Powder Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Marukyu Koyamaen Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Marukyu Koyamaen Matcha Powder Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Marukyu Koyamaen Recent Development
Table ujimatcha Company Details
Table ujimatcha Description and Business Overview
Table ujimatcha Matcha Powder Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table ujimatcha Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table ujimatcha Matcha Powder Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table ujimatcha Recent Development
Table Yanoen Company Details
Table Yanoen Description and Business Overview
Table Yanoen Matcha Powder Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Yanoen Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Yanoen Matcha Powder Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Yanoen Recent Development
Table AOI Seicha Company Details
Table AOI Seicha Description and Business Overview
Table AOI Seicha Matcha Powder Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table AOI Seicha Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table AOI Seicha Matcha Powder Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table AOI Seicha Recent Development
Table DoMatcha Company Details
Table DoMatcha Description and Business Overview
Table DoMatcha Matcha Powder Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table DoMatcha Matcha Powder Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table DoMatcha Matcha Powder Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table DoMatcha Recent Development
Figure Matcha Powder Value Chain
Table Matcha Powder Distributors List
Table Matcha Powder Customers List
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Table Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Matcha Powder Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure United States Matcha Powder Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure United States Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Matcha Powder Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure European Union Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Matcha Powder Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure China Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Matcha Powder Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Japan Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Korea Matcha Powder Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Korea Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure India Matcha Powder Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure India Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Southeast Asia Matcha Powder Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Matcha Powder Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources