2021-03-01
Published Date
Consumer Discretionary
Industry
96
Pages
The latest study on Hot Tubs Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global Hot Tubs Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Hot Tubs and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
American Standard
Kohler
Signature Hardware
Atlantis Whirlpools
Appollo
ARROW
SSWW
Roca
CRW
FAENZA
Annwa
Clarke Product
Hot Tubs Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Acrylic
Fiberglass
Hot Tubs Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Residential
Commercial
Hot Tubs Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):
The Hot Tubs Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Hot Tubs Report:
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Hot Tubs Market:
Hot Tubs market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
Detailed information about Key Top Competitors in the Global Hot Tubs Market
What is the expected Market size and growth rate of the Hot Tubs market for the forecast period
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for Hot Tubs market
How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets
What forces will shape the market going forward
Can I include additional segmentation / market segmentation
Hot Tubs market global report answers all these questions and many more.
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Hot Tubs Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Hot Tubs Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Hot Tubs Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2021-2027)
1.3.2 Acrylic
1.3.3 Fiberglass
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Hot Tubs Market Share by Application (2021-2027)
1.4.2 Residential
1.4.3 Commercial
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Hot Tubs Market Size
2.1.1 Global Hot Tubs Revenue 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Hot Tubs Sales 2016-2027
2.2 Hot Tubs Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Hot Tubs Sales by Regions 2016-2020
2.2.2 Global Hot Tubs Revenue by Regions 2016-2020
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Hot Tubs Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Hot Tubs Sales by Manufacturers 2016-2020
3.1.2 Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2016-2020
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Hot Tubs Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.2.2 Hot Tubs Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
3.2.3 Global Hot Tubs Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Hot Tubs Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Hot Tubs Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Hot Tubs Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Hot Tubs Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type
4.1.1 Acrylic Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.1.2 Fiberglass Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Hot Tubs Revenue Market Share by Type
4.4 Hot Tubs Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Hot Tubs Sales by Application
6 United States
6.1 United States Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Company
6.2 United States Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Type
6.3 United States Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Application
7 European Union
7.1 European Union Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Company
7.2 European Union Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Type
7.3 European Union Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Application
8 China
8.1 China Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Company
8.2 China Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Type
8.3 China Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Application
9 Rest of World
9.1 Rest of World Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Company
9.2 Rest of World Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Type
9.3 Rest of World Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Application
9.4 Rest of World Hot Tubs Breakdown Data by Countries
9.4.1 Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales by Countries
9.4.2 Rest of World Hot Tubs Revenue by Countries
9.4.3 Japan
9.4.4 Korea
9.4.5 India
9.4.6 Southeast Asia
10 Company Profiles
10.1 American Standard
10.1.1 American Standard Company Details
10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.1.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.1.5 American Standard Recent Development
10.2 Kohler
10.2.1 Kohler Company Details
10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.2.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.2.5 Kohler Recent Development
10.3 Signature Hardware
10.3.1 Signature Hardware Company Details
10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.3.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.3.5 Signature Hardware Recent Development
10.4 Atlantis Whirlpools
10.4.1 Atlantis Whirlpools Company Details
10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.4.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.4.5 Atlantis Whirlpools Recent Development
10.5 Appollo
10.5.1 Appollo Company Details
10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.5.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.5.5 Appollo Recent Development
10.6 ARROW
10.6.1 ARROW Company Details
10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.6.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.6.5 ARROW Recent Development
10.7 SSWW
10.7.1 SSWW Company Details
10.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.7.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.7.5 SSWW Recent Development
10.8 Roca
10.8.1 Roca Company Details
10.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.8.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.8.5 Roca Recent Development
10.9 CRW
10.9.1 CRW Company Details
10.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.9.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.9.5 CRW Recent Development
10.10 FAENZA
10.10.1 FAENZA Company Details
10.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.10.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Hot Tubs
10.10.4 Hot Tubs Product Introduction
10.10.5 FAENZA Recent Development
10.11 Annwa
10.12 Clarke Product
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Hot Tubs Sales Channels
11.2.2 Hot Tubs Distributors
11.3 Hot Tubs Customers
12 Market Forecast
12.1 Global Hot Tubs Sales and Revenue Forecast 2021-2027
12.2 Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast by Application
12.4 Hot Tubs Forecast by Regions
12.4.1 Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
12.4.2 Global Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
12.5 United States Market Forecast
12.6 European Union Market Forecast
12.7 China Market Forecast
12.8 Rest of World
12.8.1 Japan
12.8.2 Korea
12.8.3 India
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Hot Tubs Product Picture
Table Hot Tubs Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Hot Tubs Covered in This Report
Table Global Hot Tubs Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Acrylic Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Acrylic
Figure Fiberglass Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Fiberglass
Table Global Hot Tubs Market Share by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Residential Use Case
Figure Commercial Use Case
Figure Hot Tubs Report Years Considered
Figure Global Hot Tubs Market Size 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Hot Tubs Market Size by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Hot Tubs Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Global Hot Tubs Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Hot Tubs Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Hot Tubs Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Hot Tubs Revenue by Manufacturers (2016-2020) (Million USD)
Table Hot Tubs Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2020)
Figure Hot Tubs Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Hot Tubs Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Manufacturers Hot Tubs Price (2016-2020) (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Hot Tubs Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Hot Tubs Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Hot Tubs Market
Table Key Manufacturers Hot Tubs Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Acrylic Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Fiberglass Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Hot Tubs Revenue by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Hot Tubs Revenue Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Hot Tubs Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Hot Tubs Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Hot Tubs Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure United States Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure United States Hot Tubs Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table United States Hot Tubs Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure United States Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table United States Hot Tubs Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure United States Hot Tubs Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Hot Tubs Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure United States Hot Tubs Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure European Union Hot Tubs Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table European Union Hot Tubs Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure European Union Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table European Union Hot Tubs Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 European Union Hot Tubs Market Share by Type
Table European Union Hot Tubs Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 European Union Hot Tubs Market Share by Application
Figure China Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Hot Tubs Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table China Hot Tubs Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure China Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table China Hot Tubs Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure China Hot Tubs Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Hot Tubs Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure China Hot Tubs Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Hot Tubs Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales by Company (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Company (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Hot Tubs Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Hot Tubs Market Share by Application in 2020
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales by Countries (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Hot Tubs Sales Market Share by Countries in 2020
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Revenue by Countries (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Hot Tubs Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Hot Tubs Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2020
Figure Japan Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Japan Hot Tubs Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Hot Tubs Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Hot Tubs Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Hot Tubs Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table American Standard Company Details
Table American Standard Description and Business Overview
Table American Standard Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table American Standard Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table American Standard Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table American Standard Recent Development
Table Kohler Company Details
Table Kohler Description and Business Overview
Table Kohler Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Kohler Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Kohler Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Kohler Recent Development
Table Signature Hardware Company Details
Table Signature Hardware Description and Business Overview
Table Signature Hardware Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Signature Hardware Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Signature Hardware Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Signature Hardware Recent Development
Table Atlantis Whirlpools Company Details
Table Atlantis Whirlpools Description and Business Overview
Table Atlantis Whirlpools Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Atlantis Whirlpools Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Atlantis Whirlpools Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Atlantis Whirlpools Recent Development
Table Appollo Company Details
Table Appollo Description and Business Overview
Table Appollo Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Appollo Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Appollo Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Appollo Recent Development
Table ARROW Company Details
Table ARROW Description and Business Overview
Table ARROW Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table ARROW Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table ARROW Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table ARROW Recent Development
Table SSWW Company Details
Table SSWW Description and Business Overview
Table SSWW Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table SSWW Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table SSWW Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table SSWW Recent Development
Table Roca Company Details
Table Roca Description and Business Overview
Table Roca Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table Roca Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Roca Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Roca Recent Development
Table CRW Company Details
Table CRW Description and Business Overview
Table CRW Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table CRW Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table CRW Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table CRW Recent Development
Table FAENZA Company Details
Table FAENZA Description and Business Overview
Table FAENZA Hot Tubs Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2020)
Table FAENZA Hot Tubs Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table FAENZA Hot Tubs Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table FAENZA Recent Development
Table Annwa Company Details
Table Clarke Product Company Details
Figure Hot Tubs Value Chain
Table Hot Tubs Distributors List
Table Hot Tubs Customers List
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Table Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Hot Tubs Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure United States Hot Tubs Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure United States Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Hot Tubs Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure European Union Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Hot Tubs Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure China Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Hot Tubs Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Korea Hot Tubs Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure India Hot Tubs Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Southeast Asia Hot Tubs Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Hot Tubs Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources