2021-02-14
Published Date
Machineries & Equipment
Industry
113
Pages
The latest study on Saccharimeters Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global Saccharimeters Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Saccharimeters and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem)
Atago
Rudolph Research Analytical
Schmidt+Haensch
DigiPol Technologies
Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology
Saccharimeters Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Manual Saccharimeters
Automatic Saccharimeters
Saccharimeters Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Industrial Use
Laboratory Use
Others
Saccharimeters Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):
The Saccharimeters Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Saccharimeters Report:
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Saccharimeters Market:
Saccharimeters market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
List of Key Players
Revenue By players
Market share of players
Product Offerings
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Saccharimeters Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Saccharimeters Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Saccharimeters Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Manual Saccharimeters
1.3.3 Automatic Saccharimeters
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Saccharimeters Market Share by Application (2021-2027)
1.4.2 Industrial Use
1.4.3 Laboratory Use
1.4.4 Others
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Saccharimeters Production Value 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Saccharimeters Production 2016-2027
2.1.3 Global Saccharimeters Capacity 2016-2027
2.1.4 Global Saccharimeters Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2021-2027
2.2.1 Global Saccharimeters Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Saccharimeters Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Saccharimeters Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Saccharimeters Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Saccharimeters Revenue by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.2 Saccharimeters Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.3 Global Saccharimeters Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Saccharimeters Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Saccharimeters Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Saccharimeters Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Saccharimeters Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Manual Saccharimeters Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.1.2 Automatic Saccharimeters Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Saccharimeters Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Saccharimeters Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Saccharimeters Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Saccharimeters Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Saccharimeters Production (History Data) by Regions 2016-2020
6.2 Global Saccharimeters Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.2 United States Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Saccharimeters Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.2 European Union Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Saccharimeters Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.2 China Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Saccharimeters Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Saccharimeters Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Saccharimeters Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Saccharimeters Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Saccharimeters Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Saccharimeters Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Saccharimeters Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Saccharimeters Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Saccharimeters Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Saccharimeters Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Saccharimeters Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem)
8.1.1 Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem) Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Saccharimeters
8.1.4 Saccharimeters Product Introduction
8.1.5 Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem) Recent Development
8.2 Atago
8.2.1 Atago Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Saccharimeters
8.2.4 Saccharimeters Product Introduction
8.2.5 Atago Recent Development
8.3 Rudolph Research Analytical
8.3.1 Rudolph Research Analytical Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Saccharimeters
8.3.4 Saccharimeters Product Introduction
8.3.5 Rudolph Research Analytical Recent Development
8.4 Schmidt+Haensch
8.4.1 Schmidt+Haensch Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Saccharimeters
8.4.4 Saccharimeters Product Introduction
8.4.5 Schmidt+Haensch Recent Development
8.5 DigiPol Technologies
8.5.1 DigiPol Technologies Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Saccharimeters
8.5.4 Saccharimeters Product Introduction
8.5.5 DigiPol Technologies Recent Development
8.6 Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology
8.6.1 Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Saccharimeters
8.6.4 Saccharimeters Product Introduction
8.6.5 Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Saccharimeters Capacity, Production Forecast 2021-2027
9.1.2 Global Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Saccharimeters Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
9.2.2 Global Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Saccharimeters Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Saccharimeters Sales Channels
10.2.2 Saccharimeters Distributors
10.3 Saccharimeters Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Saccharimeters Product Picture
Table Saccharimeters Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Saccharimeters Covered in This Report
Table Global Saccharimeters Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Manual Saccharimeters Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Manual Saccharimeters
Figure Automatic Saccharimeters Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Automatic Saccharimeters
Table Global Saccharimeters Market Share by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Industrial Use Use Case
Figure Laboratory Use Use Case
Figure Others Use Case
Figure Saccharimeters Report Years Considered
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Capacity 2016-2027 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Saccharimeters Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Price 2016-2027 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Saccharimeters Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Growth Rate of Key Regions 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Saccharimeters Market Share for of Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Saccharimeters Capacity by Manufacturers (2020) (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production by Manufacturers (2020) (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Saccharimeters Revenue by Manufacturers (2020) (Million USD)
Table Saccharimeters Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Saccharimeters Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Saccharimeters Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Saccharimeters Price by Manufacturers 2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Saccharimeters Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Saccharimeters Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Saccharimeters Market
Table Key Manufacturers Saccharimeters Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Manual Saccharimeters Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Automatic Saccharimeters Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Value by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Value Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Value Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Value Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Saccharimeters Ex-factory Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Saccharimeters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Consumption Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Consumption Saccharimeters Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Value by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table United States Saccharimeters Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure United States Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table United States Saccharimeters Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Saccharimeters Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure European Union Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table European Union Saccharimeters Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Saccharimeters Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Saccharimeters Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Korea Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure India Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Saccharimeters Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Saccharimeters Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure United States Saccharimeters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Saccharimeters Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Saccharimeters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Saccharimeters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Saccharimeters Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table European Union Saccharimeters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure China Saccharimeters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Saccharimeters Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Saccharimeters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Saccharimeters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Saccharimeters Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Saccharimeters Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Japan Saccharimeters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Saccharimeters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Saccharimeters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Saccharimeters Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem) Company Details
Table Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem) Description and Business Overview
Table Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem) Saccharimeters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem) Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem) Saccharimeters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Bellingham+Stanley(Xylem) Recent Development
Table Atago Company Details
Table Atago Description and Business Overview
Table Atago Saccharimeters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Atago Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Atago Saccharimeters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Atago Recent Development
Table Rudolph Research Analytical Company Details
Table Rudolph Research Analytical Description and Business Overview
Table Rudolph Research Analytical Saccharimeters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Rudolph Research Analytical Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Rudolph Research Analytical Saccharimeters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Rudolph Research Analytical Recent Development
Table Schmidt+Haensch Company Details
Table Schmidt+Haensch Description and Business Overview
Table Schmidt+Haensch Saccharimeters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Schmidt+Haensch Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Schmidt+Haensch Saccharimeters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Schmidt+Haensch Recent Development
Table DigiPol Technologies Company Details
Table DigiPol Technologies Description and Business Overview
Table DigiPol Technologies Saccharimeters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table DigiPol Technologies Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table DigiPol Technologies Saccharimeters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table DigiPol Technologies Recent Development
Table Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology Company Details
Table Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology Description and Business Overview
Table Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology Saccharimeters Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology Saccharimeters Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology Saccharimeters Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Shanghai InsMark Instrument Technology Recent Development
Table Global Saccharimeters Capacity, Production Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Capacity Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table United States Saccharimeters Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Saccharimeters Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table United States Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure United States Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Saccharimeters Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Saccharimeters Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table China Saccharimeters Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Saccharimeters Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table China Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Saccharimeters Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Saccharimeters Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Saccharimeters Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Saccharimeters Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Value Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Saccharimeters Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Figure Saccharimeters Value Chain
Table Saccharimeters Distributors List
Table Saccharimeters Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources