The latest study on Flow Divider Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global Flow Divider Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Flow Divider and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
OMEGA Engineering
Parker
Alicat Scientific
VICI Valco
Sensirion
Brooks Instrument
KROHNE Group
Burkert
Flow Divider Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Volumetric Flow
Mass Flow
Flow Divider Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Processing Industry
Energy Industry
Semiconductor Industry
Other Industries
Flow Divider Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):
The Flow Divider Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Flow Divider Report:
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Flow Divider Market:
Flow Divider market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
List of Key Players
Revenue By players
Market share of players
Product Offerings
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Flow Divider Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Flow Divider Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Flow Divider Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Volumetric Flow
1.3.3 Mass Flow
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Flow Divider Market Share by Application (2021-2027)
1.4.2 Processing Industry
1.4.3 Energy Industry
1.4.4 Semiconductor Industry
1.4.5 Other Industries
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Flow Divider Production Value 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Flow Divider Production 2016-2027
2.1.3 Global Flow Divider Capacity 2016-2027
2.1.4 Global Flow Divider Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2021-2027
2.2.1 Global Flow Divider Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Flow Divider Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Flow Divider Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Flow Divider Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Flow Divider Revenue by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.2 Flow Divider Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.3 Global Flow Divider Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Flow Divider Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Flow Divider Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Flow Divider Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Flow Divider Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Volumetric Flow Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.1.2 Mass Flow Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Flow Divider Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Flow Divider Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Flow Divider Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Flow Divider Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Flow Divider Production (History Data) by Regions 2016-2020
6.2 Global Flow Divider Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.2 United States Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Flow Divider Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.2 European Union Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Flow Divider Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.2 China Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Flow Divider Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Flow Divider Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Flow Divider Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Flow Divider Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Flow Divider Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Flow Divider Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Flow Divider Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Flow Divider Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Flow Divider Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Flow Divider Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Flow Divider Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 OMEGA Engineering
8.1.1 OMEGA Engineering Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Flow Divider
8.1.4 Flow Divider Product Introduction
8.1.5 OMEGA Engineering Recent Development
8.2 Parker
8.2.1 Parker Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Flow Divider
8.2.4 Flow Divider Product Introduction
8.2.5 Parker Recent Development
8.3 Alicat Scientific
8.3.1 Alicat Scientific Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Flow Divider
8.3.4 Flow Divider Product Introduction
8.3.5 Alicat Scientific Recent Development
8.4 VICI Valco
8.4.1 VICI Valco Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Flow Divider
8.4.4 Flow Divider Product Introduction
8.4.5 VICI Valco Recent Development
8.5 Sensirion
8.5.1 Sensirion Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Flow Divider
8.5.4 Flow Divider Product Introduction
8.5.5 Sensirion Recent Development
8.6 Brooks Instrument
8.6.1 Brooks Instrument Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Flow Divider
8.6.4 Flow Divider Product Introduction
8.6.5 Brooks Instrument Recent Development
8.7 KROHNE Group
8.7.1 KROHNE Group Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Flow Divider
8.7.4 Flow Divider Product Introduction
8.7.5 KROHNE Group Recent Development
8.8 Burkert
8.8.1 Burkert Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Flow Divider
8.8.4 Flow Divider Product Introduction
8.8.5 Burkert Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Flow Divider Capacity, Production Forecast 2021-2027
9.1.2 Global Flow Divider Production Value Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Flow Divider Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
9.2.2 Global Flow Divider Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Flow Divider Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Flow Divider Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Flow Divider Sales Channels
10.2.2 Flow Divider Distributors
10.3 Flow Divider Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Flow Divider Product Picture
Table Flow Divider Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Flow Divider Covered in This Report
Table Global Flow Divider Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Flow Divider Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Volumetric Flow Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Volumetric Flow
Figure Mass Flow Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Mass Flow
Table Global Flow Divider Market Share by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Processing Industry Use Case
Figure Energy Industry Use Case
Figure Semiconductor Industry Use Case
Figure Other Industries Use Case
Figure Flow Divider Report Years Considered
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Flow Divider Capacity 2016-2027 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Flow Divider Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Flow Divider Price 2016-2027 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Flow Divider Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Growth Rate of Key Regions 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Flow Divider Market Share for of Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Flow Divider Capacity by Manufacturers (2020) (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Table Global Flow Divider Production by Manufacturers (2020) (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Production Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Flow Divider Revenue by Manufacturers (2020) (Million USD)
Table Flow Divider Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Flow Divider Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Flow Divider Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Flow Divider Price by Manufacturers 2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Flow Divider Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Flow Divider Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Flow Divider Market
Table Key Manufacturers Flow Divider Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Volumetric Flow Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Mass Flow Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Flow Divider Production by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Production Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Flow Divider Production Value by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Flow Divider Production Value Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Value Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Value Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Flow Divider Ex-factory Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Flow Divider Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Consumption Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Consumption Flow Divider Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Global Flow Divider Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Flow Divider Production Value by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Flow Divider Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table United States Flow Divider Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure United States Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table United States Flow Divider Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Flow Divider Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure European Union Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table European Union Flow Divider Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Flow Divider Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Flow Divider Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Korea Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure India Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Flow Divider Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Flow Divider Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Flow Divider Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure United States Flow Divider Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Flow Divider Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Flow Divider Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Flow Divider Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Flow Divider Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table European Union Flow Divider Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure China Flow Divider Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Flow Divider Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Flow Divider Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Flow Divider Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Flow Divider Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Flow Divider Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Flow Divider Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Japan Flow Divider Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Flow Divider Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Flow Divider Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Flow Divider Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table OMEGA Engineering Company Details
Table OMEGA Engineering Description and Business Overview
Table OMEGA Engineering Flow Divider Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table OMEGA Engineering Flow Divider Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table OMEGA Engineering Flow Divider Production Market Share in Global Market
Table OMEGA Engineering Recent Development
Table Parker Company Details
Table Parker Description and Business Overview
Table Parker Flow Divider Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Parker Flow Divider Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Parker Flow Divider Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Parker Recent Development
Table Alicat Scientific Company Details
Table Alicat Scientific Description and Business Overview
Table Alicat Scientific Flow Divider Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Alicat Scientific Flow Divider Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Alicat Scientific Flow Divider Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Alicat Scientific Recent Development
Table VICI Valco Company Details
Table VICI Valco Description and Business Overview
Table VICI Valco Flow Divider Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table VICI Valco Flow Divider Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table VICI Valco Flow Divider Production Market Share in Global Market
Table VICI Valco Recent Development
Table Sensirion Company Details
Table Sensirion Description and Business Overview
Table Sensirion Flow Divider Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Sensirion Flow Divider Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Sensirion Flow Divider Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Sensirion Recent Development
Table Brooks Instrument Company Details
Table Brooks Instrument Description and Business Overview
Table Brooks Instrument Flow Divider Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Brooks Instrument Flow Divider Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Brooks Instrument Flow Divider Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Brooks Instrument Recent Development
Table KROHNE Group Company Details
Table KROHNE Group Description and Business Overview
Table KROHNE Group Flow Divider Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table KROHNE Group Flow Divider Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table KROHNE Group Flow Divider Production Market Share in Global Market
Table KROHNE Group Recent Development
Table Burkert Company Details
Table Burkert Description and Business Overview
Table Burkert Flow Divider Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Burkert Flow Divider Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Burkert Flow Divider Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Burkert Recent Development
Table Global Flow Divider Capacity, Production Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Flow Divider Capacity Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Flow Divider Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Flow Divider Production Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Flow Divider Production Value Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Flow Divider Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table United States Flow Divider Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Flow Divider Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table United States Flow Divider Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure United States Flow Divider Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Flow Divider Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Flow Divider Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Flow Divider Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Flow Divider Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table China Flow Divider Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Flow Divider Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table China Flow Divider Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Flow Divider Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Flow Divider Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Flow Divider Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Flow Divider Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Flow Divider Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Flow Divider Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Flow Divider Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Flow Divider Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Flow Divider Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Flow Divider Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Flow Divider Production Value Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Value Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Flow Divider Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Flow Divider Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Flow Divider Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Flow Divider Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Figure Flow Divider Value Chain
Table Flow Divider Distributors List
Table Flow Divider Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources