The latest study on Earthquake Valve Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global Earthquake Valve Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Earthquake Valve and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
Fay Mekanik Makine
ESKA VALVE LTD
Carbos
Northridge
Valtorc
Pacific Seismic Products
Earthquake Valve Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Motion Sensing Caged Ball
Excessive Flow Sensor
Earthquake Valve Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Earthquake Valve Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):
The Earthquake Valve Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Earthquake Valve Report:
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Earthquake Valve Market:
Earthquake Valve market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
List of Key Players
Revenue By players
Market share of players
Product Offerings
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Earthquake Valve Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Earthquake Valve Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Earthquake Valve Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Motion Sensing Caged Ball
1.3.3 Excessive Flow Sensor
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Earthquake Valve Market Share by Application (2021-2027)
1.4.2 Residential
1.4.3 Commercial
1.4.4 Industrial
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Earthquake Valve Production Value 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Earthquake Valve Production 2016-2027
2.1.3 Global Earthquake Valve Capacity 2016-2027
2.1.4 Global Earthquake Valve Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2021-2027
2.2.1 Global Earthquake Valve Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Earthquake Valve Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Earthquake Valve Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Earthquake Valve Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Earthquake Valve Revenue by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.2 Earthquake Valve Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.3 Global Earthquake Valve Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Earthquake Valve Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Earthquake Valve Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Earthquake Valve Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Earthquake Valve Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Motion Sensing Caged Ball Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.1.2 Excessive Flow Sensor Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Earthquake Valve Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Earthquake Valve Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Earthquake Valve Production (History Data) by Regions 2016-2020
6.2 Global Earthquake Valve Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.2 United States Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Earthquake Valve Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.2 European Union Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Earthquake Valve Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.2 China Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Earthquake Valve Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Earthquake Valve Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Earthquake Valve Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Earthquake Valve Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Earthquake Valve Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Earthquake Valve Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Earthquake Valve Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Fay Mekanik Makine
8.1.1 Fay Mekanik Makine Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Earthquake Valve
8.1.4 Earthquake Valve Product Introduction
8.1.5 Fay Mekanik Makine Recent Development
8.2 ESKA VALVE LTD
8.2.1 ESKA VALVE LTD Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Earthquake Valve
8.2.4 Earthquake Valve Product Introduction
8.2.5 ESKA VALVE LTD Recent Development
8.3 Carbos
8.3.1 Carbos Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Earthquake Valve
8.3.4 Earthquake Valve Product Introduction
8.3.5 Carbos Recent Development
8.4 Northridge
8.4.1 Northridge Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Earthquake Valve
8.4.4 Earthquake Valve Product Introduction
8.4.5 Northridge Recent Development
8.5 Valtorc
8.5.1 Valtorc Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Earthquake Valve
8.5.4 Earthquake Valve Product Introduction
8.5.5 Valtorc Recent Development
8.6 Pacific Seismic Products
8.6.1 Pacific Seismic Products Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Earthquake Valve
8.6.4 Earthquake Valve Product Introduction
8.6.5 Pacific Seismic Products Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Earthquake Valve Capacity, Production Forecast 2021-2027
9.1.2 Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Earthquake Valve Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
9.2.2 Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Earthquake Valve Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Earthquake Valve Sales Channels
10.2.2 Earthquake Valve Distributors
10.3 Earthquake Valve Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Earthquake Valve Product Picture
Table Earthquake Valve Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Earthquake Valve Covered in This Report
Table Global Earthquake Valve Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Motion Sensing Caged Ball Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Motion Sensing Caged Ball
Figure Excessive Flow Sensor Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Excessive Flow Sensor
Table Global Earthquake Valve Market Share by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Residential Use Case
Figure Commercial Use Case
Figure Industrial Use Case
Figure Earthquake Valve Report Years Considered
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Capacity 2016-2027 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Earthquake Valve Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Price 2016-2027 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Growth Rate of Key Regions 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Market Share for of Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Earthquake Valve Capacity by Manufacturers (2020) (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production by Manufacturers (2020) (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Earthquake Valve Revenue by Manufacturers (2020) (Million USD)
Table Earthquake Valve Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Earthquake Valve Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Earthquake Valve Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Earthquake Valve Price by Manufacturers 2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Earthquake Valve Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Earthquake Valve Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Earthquake Valve Market
Table Key Manufacturers Earthquake Valve Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Motion Sensing Caged Ball Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Excessive Flow Sensor Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Value by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Earthquake Valve Ex-factory Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Consumption Earthquake Valve Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Value by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table United States Earthquake Valve Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure United States Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table United States Earthquake Valve Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Earthquake Valve Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure European Union Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table European Union Earthquake Valve Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Earthquake Valve Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Earthquake Valve Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Korea Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure India Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Earthquake Valve Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure United States Earthquake Valve Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Earthquake Valve Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Earthquake Valve Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Earthquake Valve Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table European Union Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure China Earthquake Valve Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Earthquake Valve Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Earthquake Valve Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Earthquake Valve Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Earthquake Valve Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Japan Earthquake Valve Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Earthquake Valve Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Earthquake Valve Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Earthquake Valve Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Fay Mekanik Makine Company Details
Table Fay Mekanik Makine Description and Business Overview
Table Fay Mekanik Makine Earthquake Valve Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Fay Mekanik Makine Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Fay Mekanik Makine Earthquake Valve Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Fay Mekanik Makine Recent Development
Table ESKA VALVE LTD Company Details
Table ESKA VALVE LTD Description and Business Overview
Table ESKA VALVE LTD Earthquake Valve Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table ESKA VALVE LTD Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table ESKA VALVE LTD Earthquake Valve Production Market Share in Global Market
Table ESKA VALVE LTD Recent Development
Table Carbos Company Details
Table Carbos Description and Business Overview
Table Carbos Earthquake Valve Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Carbos Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Carbos Earthquake Valve Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Carbos Recent Development
Table Northridge Company Details
Table Northridge Description and Business Overview
Table Northridge Earthquake Valve Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Northridge Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Northridge Earthquake Valve Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Northridge Recent Development
Table Valtorc Company Details
Table Valtorc Description and Business Overview
Table Valtorc Earthquake Valve Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Valtorc Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Valtorc Earthquake Valve Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Valtorc Recent Development
Table Pacific Seismic Products Company Details
Table Pacific Seismic Products Description and Business Overview
Table Pacific Seismic Products Earthquake Valve Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Pacific Seismic Products Earthquake Valve Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Pacific Seismic Products Earthquake Valve Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Pacific Seismic Products Recent Development
Table Global Earthquake Valve Capacity, Production Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Capacity Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table United States Earthquake Valve Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Earthquake Valve Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table United States Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure United States Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Earthquake Valve Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Earthquake Valve Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table China Earthquake Valve Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Earthquake Valve Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table China Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Earthquake Valve Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Earthquake Valve Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Earthquake Valve Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Earthquake Valve Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Earthquake Valve Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Figure Earthquake Valve Value Chain
Table Earthquake Valve Distributors List
Table Earthquake Valve Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources