The latest study on Pay Card Reader Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global Pay Card Reader Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Pay Card Reader and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
Square
PayPal
Infineon Technologies
CPI Card
NXP Semiconductors
First Data
Pay Card Reader Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Card Reader Accessories
Integrated Card Reader Solutions
Pay Card Reader Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Healthcare
Restaurant
Retail
Warehouse/Distribution
Government and Consumer Utility Services
Transportation and Entertainment
Pay Card Reader Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):
The Pay Card Reader Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Pay Card Reader Report:
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Pay Card Reader Market:
Pay Card Reader market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
List of Key Players
Revenue By players
Market share of players
Product Offerings
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Pay Card Reader Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Pay Card Reader Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Pay Card Reader Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Card Reader Accessories
1.3.3 Integrated Card Reader Solutions
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Pay Card Reader Market Share by Application (2021-2027)
1.4.2 Healthcare
1.4.3 Restaurant
1.4.4 Retail
1.4.5 Warehouse/Distribution
1.4.6 Government and Consumer Utility Services
1.4.7 Transportation and Entertainment
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Pay Card Reader Production Value 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Pay Card Reader Production 2016-2027
2.1.3 Global Pay Card Reader Capacity 2016-2027
2.1.4 Global Pay Card Reader Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2021-2027
2.2.1 Global Pay Card Reader Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Pay Card Reader Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Pay Card Reader Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Pay Card Reader Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Pay Card Reader Revenue by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.2 Pay Card Reader Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.3 Global Pay Card Reader Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Pay Card Reader Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Pay Card Reader Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Pay Card Reader Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Pay Card Reader Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Card Reader Accessories Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.1.2 Integrated Card Reader Solutions Production and Production Value (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Pay Card Reader Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Pay Card Reader Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Pay Card Reader Production (History Data) by Regions 2016-2020
6.2 Global Pay Card Reader Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.2 United States Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Pay Card Reader Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.2 European Union Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Pay Card Reader Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.2 China Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Pay Card Reader Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Pay Card Reader Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Pay Card Reader Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Pay Card Reader Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Pay Card Reader Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Pay Card Reader Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Pay Card Reader Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Square
8.1.1 Square Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Pay Card Reader
8.1.4 Pay Card Reader Product Introduction
8.1.5 Square Recent Development
8.2 PayPal
8.2.1 PayPal Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Pay Card Reader
8.2.4 Pay Card Reader Product Introduction
8.2.5 PayPal Recent Development
8.3 Infineon Technologies
8.3.1 Infineon Technologies Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Pay Card Reader
8.3.4 Pay Card Reader Product Introduction
8.3.5 Infineon Technologies Recent Development
8.4 CPI Card
8.4.1 CPI Card Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Pay Card Reader
8.4.4 Pay Card Reader Product Introduction
8.4.5 CPI Card Recent Development
8.5 NXP Semiconductors
8.5.1 NXP Semiconductors Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Pay Card Reader
8.5.4 Pay Card Reader Product Introduction
8.5.5 NXP Semiconductors Recent Development
8.6 First Data
8.6.1 First Data Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Pay Card Reader
8.6.4 Pay Card Reader Product Introduction
8.6.5 First Data Recent Development
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Pay Card Reader Capacity, Production Forecast 2021-2027
9.1.2 Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast 2021-2027
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Pay Card Reader Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
9.2.2 Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Pay Card Reader Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Pay Card Reader Sales Channels
10.2.2 Pay Card Reader Distributors
10.3 Pay Card Reader Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Pay Card Reader Product Picture
Table Pay Card Reader Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Pay Card Reader Covered in This Report
Table Global Pay Card Reader Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Card Reader Accessories Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Card Reader Accessories
Figure Integrated Card Reader Solutions Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Integrated Card Reader Solutions
Table Global Pay Card Reader Market Share by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Healthcare Use Case
Figure Restaurant Use Case
Figure Retail Use Case
Figure Warehouse/Distribution Use Case
Figure Government and Consumer Utility Services Use Case
Figure Transportation and Entertainment Use Case
Figure Pay Card Reader Report Years Considered
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Capacity 2016-2027 (K Units)
Table Key Manufacturers Pay Card Reader Capacity (K Units)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Price 2016-2027 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Growth Rate of Key Regions 2021-2027 (Million USD)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Market Share for of Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Pay Card Reader Capacity by Manufacturers (2020) (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production by Manufacturers (2020) (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Pay Card Reader Revenue by Manufacturers (2020) (Million USD)
Table Pay Card Reader Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Pay Card Reader Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Pay Card Reader Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Pay Card Reader Price by Manufacturers 2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Key Manufacturers Pay Card Reader Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Pay Card Reader Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Pay Card Reader Market
Table Key Manufacturers Pay Card Reader Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Card Reader Accessories Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Integrated Card Reader Solutions Production and Production Value (2016-2020) (K Units) & (Million US$)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Value by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Pay Card Reader Ex-factory Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/Unit)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Consumption Pay Card Reader Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Value by Regions 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table United States Pay Card Reader Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure United States Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table United States Pay Card Reader Import & Export (K Units)
Table European Union Pay Card Reader Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure European Union Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table European Union Pay Card Reader Import & Export (K Units)
Table China Pay Card Reader Production and Value 2016-2020 (K Units) & (Million USD)
Figure China Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure China Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table China Pay Card Reader Import & Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Japan Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Korea Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure India Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure India Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Pay Card Reader Production Value Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million USD)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Consumption by Regions 2016-2020 (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure United States Pay Card Reader Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table United States Pay Card Reader Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure United States Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Pay Card Reader Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table European Union Pay Card Reader Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table European Union Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure European Union Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure China Pay Card Reader Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table China Pay Card Reader Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure China Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Pay Card Reader Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Rest of World Pay Card Reader Consumption by Type (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Pay Card Reader Consumption by Application (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Rest of World Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Japan Pay Card Reader Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Korea Pay Card Reader Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure India Pay Card Reader Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Pay Card Reader Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K Units)
Table Square Company Details
Table Square Description and Business Overview
Table Square Pay Card Reader Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Square Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Square Pay Card Reader Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Square Recent Development
Table PayPal Company Details
Table PayPal Description and Business Overview
Table PayPal Pay Card Reader Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table PayPal Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table PayPal Pay Card Reader Production Market Share in Global Market
Table PayPal Recent Development
Table Infineon Technologies Company Details
Table Infineon Technologies Description and Business Overview
Table Infineon Technologies Pay Card Reader Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Infineon Technologies Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Infineon Technologies Pay Card Reader Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Infineon Technologies Recent Development
Table CPI Card Company Details
Table CPI Card Description and Business Overview
Table CPI Card Pay Card Reader Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table CPI Card Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table CPI Card Pay Card Reader Production Market Share in Global Market
Table CPI Card Recent Development
Table NXP Semiconductors Company Details
Table NXP Semiconductors Description and Business Overview
Table NXP Semiconductors Pay Card Reader Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table NXP Semiconductors Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table NXP Semiconductors Pay Card Reader Production Market Share in Global Market
Table NXP Semiconductors Recent Development
Table First Data Company Details
Table First Data Description and Business Overview
Table First Data Pay Card Reader Production (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table First Data Pay Card Reader Production Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table First Data Pay Card Reader Production Market Share in Global Market
Table First Data Recent Development
Table Global Pay Card Reader Capacity, Production Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Capacity Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table United States Pay Card Reader Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Pay Card Reader Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table United States Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure United States Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Pay Card Reader Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Pay Card Reader Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table European Union Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table China Pay Card Reader Production and Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units) & (Million US$)
Figure China Pay Card Reader Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table China Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Pay Card Reader Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Japan Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Pay Card Reader Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Korea Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Pay Card Reader Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure India Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Pay Card Reader Production Growth Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast 2021-2027 (K Units)
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K Units)
Figure Global Pay Card Reader Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Figure Pay Card Reader Value Chain
Table Pay Card Reader Distributors List
Table Pay Card Reader Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources