The latest study on Foundation Cream Market by Read Market Research provides a detailed summary and overview of the global market. The base year considered in this report is considered 2020 whereas information for 2021 is estimated and forecast from 2022 till 2027. The CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) period of this report is 2021-2027. The Global Foundation Cream Market is valued at USD XX Million in the year 2020 and is estimated to grow at USD XX Million by the end of year 2027.The report will shed light on very important growth aspect of Foundation Cream and is a must have data for all the companies, investors, decision makers, top level executives and readers.
The segmental analysis of the report provides detailed analysis on Revenue, Growth, Forecast By Region, Type and Applications for the period 2016-2027.
The major vendors covered:
L'Oreal
Estee Lauder
P&G
Revlon
Shiseido
Chanel
Kao
AmorePacific
Lotus Herbals
Neutrogena
Oriflame
Sephora
Foundation Cream Market Analysis By Type Segment:
Concealer Foundation Cream
Moisturizing Foundation Cream
Other
Foundation Cream Market Analysis By Application Segment:
Retail Stores
Specialty Stores
Online Stores
Foundation Cream Market Analysis By Regions (Countries):
The Foundation Cream Market has been thoroughly researched with the help of Primary and Secondary Research and has been validated by conduction interviews with industry experts across all the regions. As it is global study, we have included all the major regions.
Bottom Up approach has been used to derive and define the market size and shares of regions. Regions such as U.S., Canada, Germany, France, U.K., Italy, Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, etc. has been taken into consideration while deriving the market size and shares of regions.
Key Details of Regions and Countries of Foundation Cream Report:
United States
China
European Union
Rest of World (Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
Key data provided:
Market Size of Regions
Market Share of Regions
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
Historic Data From 2016-2020
Forecast Data From 2021-2027
Competitive Landscape of Foundation Cream Market:
Foundation Cream market competitive landscape analysis sheds light on the current market structure by players. The report will help the readers to understand some most important questions of the global market.
Key Questions Answered in Competitive Landscape-
List of Key Players
Revenue By players
Market share of players
Product Offerings
The study objectives are:
To analyze and research the Foundation Cream Market status and future forecast.
To present the key Foundation Cream Market analysis of companies and present revenue, market share, and recent development for key players.
To split the breakdown data by regions, type, companies and applications
To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints and risks.
To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market
Table of Contents
1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Foundation Cream Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2016-2027)
1.3.2 Concealer Foundation Cream
1.3.3 Moisturizing Foundation Cream
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Foundation Cream Market Share by Application (2021-2027)
1.4.2 Retail Stores
1.4.3 Specialty Stores
1.4.4 Online Stores
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Foundation Cream Market Size
2.1.1 Global Foundation Cream Revenue 2016-2027
2.1.2 Global Foundation Cream Sales 2016-2027
2.2 Foundation Cream Growth Rate by Regions
2.2.1 Global Foundation Cream Sales by Regions 2016-2020
2.2.2 Global Foundation Cream Revenue by Regions 2016-2020
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Foundation Cream Sales by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Foundation Cream Sales by Manufacturers 2020
3.1.2 Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Manufacturers 2020
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Foundation Cream Revenue by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.2 Foundation Cream Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
3.2.3 Global Foundation Cream Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Foundation Cream Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Foundation Cream Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Foundation Cream Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Foundation Cream Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Sales and Revenue for Each Type
4.1.1 Concealer Foundation Cream Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.1.2 Moisturizing Foundation Cream Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.1.3 Other Sales and Revenue (2016-2020)
4.2 Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Foundation Cream Revenue Market Share by Type
4.4 Foundation Cream Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Foundation Cream Sales by Application
6 United States
6.1 United States Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Company
6.2 United States Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Type
6.3 United States Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Application
7 European Union
7.1 European Union Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Company
7.2 European Union Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Type
7.3 European Union Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Application
8 China
8.1 China Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Company
8.2 China Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Type
8.3 China Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Application
9 Rest of World
9.1 Rest of World Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Company
9.2 Rest of World Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Type
9.3 Rest of World Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Application
9.4 Rest of World Foundation Cream Breakdown Data by Countries
9.4.1 Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales by Countries
9.4.2 Rest of World Foundation Cream Revenue by Countries
9.4.3 Japan
9.4.4 Korea
9.4.5 India
9.4.6 Southeast Asia
10 Company Profiles
10.1 L'Oreal
10.1.1 L'Oreal Company Details
10.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.1.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.1.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.1.5 L'Oreal Recent Development
10.2 Estee Lauder
10.2.1 Estee Lauder Company Details
10.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.2.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.2.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.2.5 Estee Lauder Recent Development
10.3 P&G
10.3.1 P&G Company Details
10.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.3.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.3.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.3.5 P&G Recent Development
10.4 Revlon
10.4.1 Revlon Company Details
10.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.4.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.4.5 Revlon Recent Development
10.5 Shiseido
10.5.1 Shiseido Company Details
10.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.5.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.5.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.5.5 Shiseido Recent Development
10.6 Chanel
10.6.1 Chanel Company Details
10.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.6.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.6.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.6.5 Chanel Recent Development
10.7 Kao
10.7.1 Kao Company Details
10.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.7.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.7.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.7.5 Kao Recent Development
10.8 AmorePacific
10.8.1 AmorePacific Company Details
10.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.8.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.8.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.8.5 AmorePacific Recent Development
10.9 Lotus Herbals
10.9.1 Lotus Herbals Company Details
10.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.9.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.9.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.9.5 Lotus Herbals Recent Development
10.10 Neutrogena
10.10.1 Neutrogena Company Details
10.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
10.10.3 Sales, Revenue and Market Share of Foundation Cream
10.10.4 Foundation Cream Product Introduction
10.10.5 Neutrogena Recent Development
10.11 Oriflame
10.12 Sephora
11 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
11.1 Value Chain Analysis
11.2 Sales Channels Analysis
11.2.1 Foundation Cream Sales Channels
11.2.2 Foundation Cream Distributors
11.3 Foundation Cream Customers
12 Market Forecast
12.1 Global Foundation Cream Sales and Revenue Forecast 2021-2027
12.2 Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast by Type
12.3 Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast by Application
12.4 Foundation Cream Forecast by Regions
12.4.1 Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
12.4.2 Global Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
12.5 United States Market Forecast
12.6 European Union Market Forecast
12.7 China Market Forecast
12.8 Rest of World
12.8.1 Japan
12.8.2 Korea
12.8.3 India
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
14.1.2 Data Source
14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
14.1.2.2 Primary Sources
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Foundation Cream Product Picture
Table Foundation Cream Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Foundation Cream Covered in This Report
Table Global Foundation Cream Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2021-2027 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Shar by Type 2016-2027
Figure Concealer Foundation Cream Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Concealer Foundation Cream
Figure Moisturizing Foundation Cream Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Moisturizing Foundation Cream
Figure Other Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Other
Table Global Foundation Cream Market Share by Application 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Retail Stores Use Case
Figure Specialty Stores Use Case
Figure Online Stores Use Case
Figure Foundation Cream Report Years Considered
Figure Global Foundation Cream Market Size 2016-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales 2016-2020 (K MT)
Table Global Foundation Cream Market Size by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales by Regions 2016-2020 (K MT)
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Global Foundation Cream Revenue by Regions 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Global Foundation Cream Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Foundation Cream Revenue Market Share by Regions 2016-2020
Figure Global Foundation Cream Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2020
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales by Manufacturers (2020) (K MT)
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Foundation Cream Revenue by Manufacturers (2020) (Million USD)
Table Foundation Cream Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2020)
Figure Foundation Cream Value Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Table Global Foundation Cream Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Key Manufacturers Foundation Cream Price (2016-2020) (USD/MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Foundation Cream Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Foundation Cream Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Foundation Cream Market
Table Key Manufacturers Foundation Cream Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Concealer Foundation Cream Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Moisturizing Foundation Cream Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Other Sales and Revenue (2016-2020) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Global Foundation Cream Revenue by Type (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Global Foundation Cream Revenue Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Foundation Cream Price by Type 2016-2020 (USD/MT)
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Foundation Cream Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Global Sales Foundation Cream Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure United States Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure United States Foundation Cream Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table United States Foundation Cream Sales by Company (2020) (K MT)
Table United States Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Company (2020)
Figure United States Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table United States Foundation Cream Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table United States Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure United States Foundation Cream Market Share by Type in 2020
Table United States Foundation Cream Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table United States Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure United States Foundation Cream Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure European Union Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure European Union Foundation Cream Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table European Union Foundation Cream Sales by Company (2020) (K MT)
Table European Union Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Company (2020)
Figure European Union Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table European Union Foundation Cream Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table European Union Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 European Union Foundation Cream Market Share by Type
Table European Union Foundation Cream Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table European Union Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure 2020 European Union Foundation Cream Market Share by Application
Figure China Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure China Foundation Cream Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table China Foundation Cream Sales by Company (2020) (K MT)
Table China Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Company (2020)
Figure China Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table China Foundation Cream Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table China Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure China Foundation Cream Market Share by Type in 2020
Table China Foundation Cream Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table China Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure China Foundation Cream Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate 2016-2020 (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Foundation Cream Revenue Growth Rate 2016-2020 (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales by Company (2020) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Company (2020)
Figure Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Company in 2020
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales by Type (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Foundation Cream Market Share by Type in 2020
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales by Application (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Foundation Cream Market Share by Application in 2020
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales by Countries (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Foundation Cream Sales Market Share by Countries in 2020
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Revenue by Countries (2016-2020) (Million US$)
Table Rest of World Foundation Cream Revenue Market Share by Countries (2016-2020)
Figure Rest of World Foundation Cream Revenue Market Share by Countries in 2020
Figure Japan Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Japan Foundation Cream Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Korea Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Korea Foundation Cream Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure India Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure India Foundation Cream Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Foundation Cream Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2020) (K MT)
Table L'Oreal Company Details
Table L'Oreal Description and Business Overview
Table L'Oreal Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table L'Oreal Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table L'Oreal Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table L'Oreal Recent Development
Table Estee Lauder Company Details
Table Estee Lauder Description and Business Overview
Table Estee Lauder Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Estee Lauder Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Estee Lauder Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Estee Lauder Recent Development
Table P&G Company Details
Table P&G Description and Business Overview
Table P&G Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table P&G Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table P&G Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table P&G Recent Development
Table Revlon Company Details
Table Revlon Description and Business Overview
Table Revlon Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Revlon Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Revlon Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Revlon Recent Development
Table Shiseido Company Details
Table Shiseido Description and Business Overview
Table Shiseido Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Shiseido Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Shiseido Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Shiseido Recent Development
Table Chanel Company Details
Table Chanel Description and Business Overview
Table Chanel Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Chanel Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Chanel Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Chanel Recent Development
Table Kao Company Details
Table Kao Description and Business Overview
Table Kao Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Kao Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Kao Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Kao Recent Development
Table AmorePacific Company Details
Table AmorePacific Description and Business Overview
Table AmorePacific Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table AmorePacific Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table AmorePacific Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table AmorePacific Recent Development
Table Lotus Herbals Company Details
Table Lotus Herbals Description and Business Overview
Table Lotus Herbals Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Lotus Herbals Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Lotus Herbals Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Lotus Herbals Recent Development
Table Neutrogena Company Details
Table Neutrogena Description and Business Overview
Table Neutrogena Foundation Cream Sales (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2020)
Table Neutrogena Foundation Cream Sales Growth Rate (2016-2020)
Table Neutrogena Foundation Cream Sales Market Share in Global Market
Table Neutrogena Recent Development
Table Oriflame Company Details
Table Sephora Company Details
Figure Foundation Cream Value Chain
Table Foundation Cream Distributors List
Table Foundation Cream Customers List
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast by Type 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Share Forecast by Type 2021-2027
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast by Application 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Share Forecast by Application 2021-2027
Table Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Sales Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Table Global Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast by Regions 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Global Foundation Cream Revenue Market Share Forecast by Regions 2021-2027
Figure United States Foundation Cream Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure United States Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Foundation Cream Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure European Union Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure China Foundation Cream Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure China Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Japan Foundation Cream Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Japan Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Korea Foundation Cream Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Korea Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure India Foundation Cream Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure India Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Figure Southeast Asia Foundation Cream Sales Forecast 2021-2027 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Foundation Cream Revenue Forecast 2021-2027 (Million US$)
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources